---
title: sahib — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «sahib» in the school dictionary: Sahib is a respectful word, like «sir» or «master», used in India and Pakistan, especially in the past when Britain ruled India. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# sahib

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Sahib, Britain, servant, Sikhs, Grandfather, people · **What happens:** be, use, rule, add, sign, bow · **To what, where:** respectful word, India, Sahib, Sikh use, great respect, old story · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«sahib» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [sahib in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/sahib.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Sahib is a respectful word, like «sir» or «master», used in India and Pakistan, especially in the past when Britain ruled India.

<!-- fold The tree, 22 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sahib:m1:1
# text = Sahib is a respectful word, like «sir» or «master», used in India and Pakistan, especially in the past when Britain ruled India.
1	Sahib	Sahib	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	respectful	respectful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
7	like	like	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	sir	sir	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	9	punct	_	_
11	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
12	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	master	master	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
16	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	acl	_	_
17	in	in	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
18	India	India	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	16	obl	_	_
19	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
20	Pakistan	Pakistan	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	18	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
22	especially	especially	ADV	RB	_	25	advmod	_	_
23	in	in	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
24	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
25	past	past	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obl	_	_
26	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	28	advmod	_	_
27	Britain	Britain	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	28	nsubj	_	_
28	ruled	rule	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	25	advcl	_	_
29	India	India	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	28	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Sahib | a respectful word |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **use** | participle |  | a respectful word *not said here* |  | India and Pakistan |  | in the past | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **rule** | past | Britain | India |  |  |  |  | vn dub-29.3.2 «NP V NP NP»: agent=Agent india=Result |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In Sikh use, Sahib is added to holy names as a sign of great respect, as in Guru Granth Sahib, the Sikh holy book.

<!-- fold The tree, 24 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sahib:m2:1
# text = In Sikh use, Sahib is added to holy names as a sign of great respect, as in Guru Granth Sahib, the Sikh holy book.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	Sikh	sikh	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	use	use	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	Sahib	Sahib	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	nsubj:pass	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux:pass	_	_
7	added	add	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
8	to	to	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	holy	holy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	names	name	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	_
11	as	as	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	sign	sign	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	respect	respect	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
18	as	as	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
19	in	in	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	Guru	Guru	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	21	compound	_	_
21	Granth	Granth	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	parataxis	_	_
22	Sahib	Sahib	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	21	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	27	punct	_	_
24	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	27	det	_	_
25	Sikh	sikh	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	27	amod	_	_
26	holy	holy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	27	amod	_	_
27	book	book	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **add** *speech: assert* | present · passive |  | Sahib |  | Sikh use |  | to holy names; as a sign of great respect | vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V NP PP.co-patient»: subject=Patient to name=Co-Patient |
| 2 | **sign** |  |  | great respect |  |  |  |  | nom sign «communication transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The servant bowed and said, «Yes, sahib.»

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sahib:x1:1
# text = The servant bowed and said, «Yes, sahib.»
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	servant	servant	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	bowed	bow	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
7	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	Yes	yes	INTJ	UH	Polarity=Pos	5	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
10	sahib	sahib	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	vocative	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **bow** | past | the servant |  |  |  |  |  | vn acquiesce-95.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | the servant *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In the old story, the sahib lived in a large house with many servants.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sahib:x2:1
# text = In the old story, the sahib lived in a large house with many servants.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	story	story	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	sahib	sahib	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
8	lived	live	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	large	large	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	house	house	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	_
13	with	with	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	servants	servant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **live** | past | the sahib |  |  | the old story |  | in a large house; with many servants | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in story=Location |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Sikhs treat the Guru Granth Sahib as a living teacher.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sahib:x3:1
# text = Sikhs treat the Guru Granth Sahib as a living teacher.
1	Sikhs	sikh	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	treat	treat	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
4	Guru	Guru	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	Granth	Granth	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	Sahib	Sahib	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
7	as	as	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	living	living	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	_
10	teacher	teacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **treat** | present | Sikhs | the Granth Sahib |  |  |  | as a living teacher | vn characterize-29.2 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent sahib=Theme as teacher=Attribute |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Golden Temple is also called Harmandir Sahib.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sahib:x4:1
# text = The Golden Temple is also called Harmandir Sahib.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	Golden	golden	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	Temple	Temple	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux:pass	_	_
5	also	also	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
7	Harmandir	Harmandir	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	xcomp	_	_
8	Sahib	Sahib	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **call** | present · passive |  | the Golden Temple |  |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Grandfather remembered when people still said «sahib» to British officers.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sahib:x5:1
# text = Grandfather remembered when people still said «sahib» to British officers.
1	Grandfather	grandfather	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	remembered	remember	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	6	advmod	_	_
4	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
5	still	still	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	advcl	_	_
7	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	sahib	sahib	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	8	punct	_	_
10	to	to	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	British	British	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	officers	officer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **remember** | past | Grandfather |  |  |  |  |  | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | people | sahib | British officers |  | still |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: agent=Agent sahib=Topic to officer=Recipient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The memsahib ordered tea on the veranda.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sahib:x6:1
# text = The memsahib ordered tea on the veranda.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	memsahib	memsahib	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	ordered	order	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	tea	tea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	veranda	veranda	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **order** | past | the memsahib | tea |  | the veranda |  |  | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent tea=Theme |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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