---
title: saiga — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «saiga» in the school dictionary: A saiga is a kind of antelope that lives on the dry grassy plains of Central Asia, with a big, soft, drooping nose. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# saiga

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** saiga, kind, strange nose, nose, Saigas, Thousands · **What happens:** be, live, droop, work, warm, keep out · **To what, where:** kind, dry grassy plains, cold air, dust, nose, mouth

<!-- .vabout -->
«saiga» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [saiga in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/saiga.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A saiga is a kind of antelope that lives on the dry grassy plains of Central Asia, with a big, soft, drooping nose.

<!-- fold The tree, 23 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:saiga:m1:1
# text = A saiga is a kind of antelope that lives on the dry grassy plains of Central Asia, with a big, soft, drooping nose.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	saiga	saiga	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	kind	kind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	antelope	antelope	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
8	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	9	nsubj	_	_
9	lives	live	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	_
10	on	on	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
12	dry	dry	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
13	grassy	grassy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	plains	plain	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obl	_	_
15	of	of	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	Central	Central	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	17	flat	_	_
17	Asia	Asia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
19	with	with	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
20	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
21	big	big	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	26	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
23	soft	soft	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	26	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
25	drooping	droop	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	26	amod	_	_
26	nose	nose	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a saiga | a kind |  |  |  | of antelope | tree rules |
| 2 | **live** | present | a kind |  |  | the dry grassy plains of Central Asia |  | with a big soft drooping nose | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme with nose=Location |
| 3 | **droop** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Its strange nose works like a filter: it warms cold air in winter and keeps out dust in summer.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:saiga:m2:1
# text = Its strange nose works like a filter: it warms cold air in winter and keeps out dust in summer.
1	Its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
2	strange	strange	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	nose	nose	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	works	work	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	like	like	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	filter	filter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	10	punct	_	_
9	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
10	warms	warm	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	parataxis	_	_
11	cold	cold	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	_
13	in	in	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	winter	winter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
16	keeps	keep	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	conj	_	_
17	out	out	ADP	RP	_	16	compound:prt	_	_
18	dust	dust	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obj	_	_
19	in	in	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
20	summer	summer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **work** | present | Its strange nose |  |  |  |  | like a filter | vn employment-95.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **warm** | present | nose | cold air |  |  | winter |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent air=Patient |
| 3 | **keep out** | present | nose *not said here* | dust |  |  | summer |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent dust=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A saiga has a nose that hangs over its mouth.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:saiga:x1:1
# text = A saiga has a nose that hangs over its mouth.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	saiga	saiga	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	nose	nose	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj	_	_
7	hangs	hang	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	_
8	over	over	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
10	mouth	mouth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | a saiga | a nose |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent nose=Patient |
| 2 | **hang** | present | a nose |  |  | saiga's mouth |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent over mouth=Location |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Saigas live on the steppes of Kazakhstan and Mongolia.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:saiga:x2:1
# text = Saigas live on the steppes of Kazakhstan and Mongolia.
1	Saigas	saiga	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	live	live	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	on	on	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	steppes	steppe	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	Kazakhstan	Kazakhstan	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	Mongolia	Mongolia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **live** | present | Saigas |  |  | the steppes of Kazakhstan and Mongolia |  |  | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on steppe=Location |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The saiga's nose filters dust from the air.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:saiga:x3:1
# text = The saiga's nose filters dust from the air.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	saiga	saiga	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	's	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	nose	nose	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	filters	filter	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	dust	dust	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
7	from	from	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **filter** | present | the saiga's nose | dust |  | the air |  |  | vn wipe\_instr-10.4.2 «NP V NP PP.initial\_location»: agent=Agent dust=Theme from air=Initial\_Location |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Thousands of saigas run together across the plains.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:saiga:x4:1
# text = Thousands of saigas run together across the plains.
1	Thousands	thousand	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	saigas	saiga	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	nmod	_	_
4	run	run	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	together	together	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
6	across	across	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	plains	plain	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **run** | present | Thousands of saigas |  |  | the plains |  | together *property* | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme across plain=Trajectory |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Hunters once killed many saigas for their horns.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:saiga:x5:1
# text = Hunters once killed many saigas for their horns.
1	Hunters	hunter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
2	once	once	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Mult	3	advmod	_	_
3	killed	kill	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	saigas	saiga	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	horns	horn	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **kill** | past | Hunters | many saigas |  |  |  | for Hunters's horns; once *property* | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent saiga=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Scientists count the saigas every year.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:saiga:x6:1
# text = Scientists count the saigas every year.
1	Scientists	scientist	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	count	count	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	saigas	saiga	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	6	det	_	_
6	year	year	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **count** | present | Scientists | the saigas |  |  | year |  | vn multiply-108 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent saiga=Theme |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The saiga is listed as an endangered animal.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:saiga:x7:1
# text = The saiga is listed as an endangered animal.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	saiga	saiga	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	listed	list	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	as	as	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	endangered	endangered	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	animal	animal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **list** | present · passive |  | the saiga |  |  |  | as a endangered animal | tree rules |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We saw a picture of a baby saiga in our nature book.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:saiga:x8:1
# text = We saw a picture of a baby saiga in our nature book.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	saw	see	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	picture	picture	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	baby	baby	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	saiga	saiga	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
10	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	12	nmod:poss	_	_
11	nature	nature	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	compound	_	_
12	book	book	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **see** | past | We | a picture of a baby saiga in our nature book |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer picture=Stimulus |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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