---
title: salmonella — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «salmonella» in the school dictionary: A kind of bacteria that can cause food poisoning, with stomach ache, being sick, diarrhoea and fever. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# salmonella

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** kind, bacteria, Salmonella, germ, you, raw eggs · **What happens:** cause, be, call, give, cook, kill · **To what, where:** food poisoning, illness, salmonella, germ, you, chicken · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«salmonella» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [salmonella in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/salmonella.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A kind of bacteria that can cause food poisoning, with stomach ache, being sick, diarrhoea and fever.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:salmonella:m1:1
# text = A kind of bacteria that can cause food poisoning, with stomach ache, being sick, diarrhoea and fever.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	kind	kind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	bacteria	bacterium	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
5	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj	_	_
6	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
7	cause	cause	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
8	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	poisoning	poisoning	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
11	with	with	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	stomach	stomach	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	compound	_	_
13	ache	ache	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
15	being	be	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	16	cop	_	_
16	sick	sick	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
18	diarrhoea	diarrhoea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	conj	_	_
19	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
20	fever	fever	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cause** | can | a kind of bacteria | food poisoning |  |  |  |  | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition poisoning=Patient |
| 2 | **is** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | sick *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The illness caused by these bacteria (often called salmonella or food poisoning).

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:salmonella:m2:1
# text = The illness caused by these bacteria (often called salmonella or food poisoning).
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	illness	illness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	caused	cause	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl	_	_
4	by	by	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	these	this	DET	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	6	det	_	_
6	bacteria	bacterium	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl:agent	_	_
7	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	often	often	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
9	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	acl	_	_
10	salmonella	salmonella	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	xcomp	_	_
11	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
12	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	compound	_	_
13	poisoning	poisoning	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cause** | participle |  | the illness *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn result-27.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Precondition |
| 2 | **call** | participle | this bacteria *not said here* | salmonella or food poisoning |  |  |  | often *property* | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Salmonella is a germ that can give you food poisoning.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:salmonella:x1:1
# text = Salmonella is a germ that can give you food poisoning.
1	Salmonella	salmonella	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	germ	germ	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj	_	_
6	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
7	give	give	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	acl:relcl	_	_
8	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	7	iobj	_	_
9	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	_
10	poisoning	poisoning	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Salmonella | a germ |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **give** | can | a germ | food poisoning | you |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent you=Recipient poisoning=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Always cook chicken all the way through to kill salmonella.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:salmonella:x2:1
# text = Always cook chicken all the way through to kill salmonella.
1	Always	always	ADV	RB	PronType=Tot	2	advmod	_	_
2	cook	cook	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	chicken	chicken	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	6	det:predet	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl:unmarked	_	_
7	through	through	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
8	to	to	PART	TO	_	9	mark	_	_
9	kill	kill	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
10	salmonella	salmonella	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cook** | imperative | you *not said here* | chicken |  |  |  | all way *obl:unmarked*; always, through *property* | vn cooking-45.3 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent chicken=Patient |
| 2 | **kill** | to-infinitive | you *not said here* | salmonella |  |  |  |  | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent salmonella=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Don't eat raw cake mix — raw eggs can carry salmonella.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:salmonella:x3:1
# text = Don't eat raw cake mix — raw eggs can carry salmonella.
1	Do	do	AUX	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	3	advmod	_	_
3	eat	eat	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	raw	raw	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
5	cake	cake	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	mix	mix	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	—	-	PUNCT	:	_	11	punct	_	_
8	raw	raw	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	eggs	egg	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nsubj	_	_
10	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	11	aux	_	_
11	carry	carry	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	conj	_	_
12	salmonella	salmonella	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **eat** | imperative · do-support | you *not said here* | raw cake mix |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent mix=Patient |
| 2 | **carry** | can | raw eggs | salmonella |  |  |  |  | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent salmonella=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Wash your hands after touching raw meat.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:salmonella:x4:1
# text = Wash your hands after touching raw meat.
1	Wash	wash	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
3	hands	hand	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
4	after	after	SCONJ	IN	_	5	mark	_	_
5	touching	touch	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	1	advcl	_	_
6	raw	raw	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	meat	meat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **wash** | imperative | you *not said here* | your hands |  |  |  |  | vn floss-41.2.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hand=Patient |
| 2 | **touch** | gerund | you *not said here* | raw meat |  |  |  |  | vn contiguous\_location-47.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme meat=Co-Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Pet turtles can carry salmonella, so wash your hands after holding them.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:salmonella:x5:1
# text = Pet turtles can carry salmonella, so wash your hands after holding them.
1	Pet	pet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	turtles	turtle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
3	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	carry	carry	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	salmonella	salmonella	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
7	so	so	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	wash	wash	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	conj	_	_
9	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
10	hands	hand	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obj	_	_
11	after	after	SCONJ	IN	_	12	mark	_	_
12	holding	hold	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	8	advcl	_	_
13	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	12	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **carry** | can | Pet turtles | salmonella |  |  |  |  | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent salmonella=Theme |
| 2 | **wash** | infinitive | Pet turtles *not said here* | your hands |  |  |  |  | vn floss-41.2.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hand=Patient |
| 3 | **hold** | gerund | Pet turtles *not said here* | hands *= hand* |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Use a different chopping board for raw meat.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:salmonella:x6:1
# text = Use a different chopping board for raw meat.
1	Use	use	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
3	different	different	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
4	chopping	chopping	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	board	board	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	raw	raw	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	meat	meat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | imperative | you *not said here* | a different chopping board |  |  |  | for raw meat | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP PP.predicate»: agent=Agent board=Theme for meat=Eventuality |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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