---
title: scarp — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «scarp» in the school dictionary: A steep slope or cliff, often a long line of steep ground where land has been worn away or moved along a fault. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# scarp

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** path, we, earthquake, Soldiers, Chalk hills · **What happens:** wear away, move, climb, draw, leave, not climb · **To what, where:** land, fault, steep scarp, scarp slope, geography, scarp

<!-- .vabout -->
«scarp» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [scarp in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/scarp.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: geography — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A steep slope or cliff, often a long line of steep ground where land has been worn away or moved along a fault.

<!-- fold The tree, 23 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:scarp:m1:1
# text = A steep slope or cliff, often a long line of steep ground where land has been worn away or moved along a fault.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	steep	steep	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	slope	slope	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	cliff	cliff	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
7	often	often	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	line	line	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	steep	steep	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	ground	ground	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	_
14	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	18	advmod	_	_
15	land	land	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	nsubj:pass	_	_
16	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	18	aux	_	_
17	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	18	aux:pass	_	_
18	worn	wear	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	acl	_	_
19	away	away	ADV	RB	_	18	advmod	_	_
20	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
21	moved	move	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	18	conj	_	_
22	along	along	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
23	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
24	fault	fault	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **wear away** | present · perfect · passive |  | land |  |  |  | away *property* | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.source»: subject=Source |
| 2 | **move** | participle |  |  |  | a fault |  |  | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V PP.trajectory»: agent=Theme along fault=Trajectory |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: castles — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The inner steep wall of a ditch in a fortress.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:scarp:m2:1
# text = The inner steep wall of a ditch in a fortress.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
2	inner	inner	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
3	steep	steep	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	wall	wall	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	ditch	ditch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	fortress	fortress	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The path climbs a steep scarp to the top of the hill.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:scarp:x1:1
# text = The path climbs a steep scarp to the top of the hill.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	path	path	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	climbs	climb	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	steep	steep	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	scarp	scarp	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	to	to	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	top	top	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	hill	hill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **climb** | present | the path | a steep scarp |  |  |  | to the top of the hill *result* | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1-1 «NP.patient V NP.extent PP.source PP.goal»: agent=Patient scarp=Extent to top=Result |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In geography we drew the scarp slope and the dip slope.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:scarp:x2:1
# text = In geography we drew the scarp slope and the dip slope.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	geography	geography	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
3	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
4	drew	draw	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	scarp	scarp	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	slope	slope	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	dip	dip	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
11	slope	slope	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **draw** | past | we | the scarp slope and the dip slope |  | geography |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent slope=Theme in geography=Destination |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The earthquake left a scarp across the field.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:scarp:x3:1
# text = The earthquake left a scarp across the field.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	earthquake	earthquake	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	left	leave	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	scarp	scarp	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	across	across	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	field	field	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **leave** | past | the earthquake | a scarp |  | the field |  |  | vn leave-51.2-1 «NP V NP.initial\_location PP.destination»: agent=Theme scarp=Source across field=Destination |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Soldiers could not climb the castle's scarp.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:scarp:x4:1
# text = Soldiers could not climb the castle's scarp.
1	Soldiers	soldier	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
2	could	could	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
3	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	4	advmod	_	_
4	climb	climb	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	castle	castle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	's	's	PART	POS	_	6	case	_	_
8	scarp	scarp	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **climb** | could | Soldiers | the castle's scarp |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Initial\_Location scarp=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
From the top of the scarp we could see the whole valley.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:scarp:x5:1
# text = From the top of the scarp we could see the whole valley.
1	From	from	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	top	top	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	scarp	scarp	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
7	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
8	could	could	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	_
9	see	see	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	whole	whole	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	valley	valley	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **see** | could | we | the whole valley |  | the top of the scarp |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer valley=Stimulus |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Chalk hills often have a scarp on one side.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:scarp:x6:1
# text = Chalk hills often have a scarp on one side.
1	Chalk	chalk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	hills	hill	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
3	often	often	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	scarp	scarp	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	on	on	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	9	nummod	_	_
9	side	side	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | Chalk hills | a scarp |  | one side |  | often *property* | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent scarp=Patient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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