---
title: scientist — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «scientist» in the school dictionary: A person who studies the natural world by asking questions, making careful observations and doing experiments, and who uses evidence to find out how things work. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# scientist

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** person, things, scientist, Marie, famous scientist, she · **What happens:** study, ask, make, do, use, find out · **To what, where:** natural world, questions, careful observations, experiments, evidence, world · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«scientist» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [scientist in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/scientist.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A person who studies the natural world by asking questions, making careful observations and doing experiments, and who uses evidence to find out how things work.

<!-- fold The tree, 26 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:scientist:m1:1
# text = A person who studies the natural world by asking questions, making careful observations and doing experiments, and who uses evidence to find out how things work.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	4	nsubj	_	_
4	studies	study	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	natural	natural	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	world	world	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
8	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
9	asking	ask	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	4	advcl	_	_
10	questions	question	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
12	making	make	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	9	conj	_	_
13	careful	careful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	observations	observation	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	obj	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
16	doing	do	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	12	conj	_	_
17	experiments	experiment	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
19	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
20	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	21	nsubj	_	_
21	uses	use	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
22	evidence	evidence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	obj	_	_
23	to	to	PART	TO	_	24	mark	_	_
24	find	find	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	21	advcl	_	_
25	out	out	ADP	RP	_	24	compound:prt	_	_
26	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	28	advmod	_	_
27	things	thing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	28	nsubj	_	_
28	work	work	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	24	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **study** | present | a person | the natural world |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent world=Topic |
| 2 | **ask** *speech: ask* | gerund | a person *not said here* | questions |  |  |  |  | vn inquire-37.1.2 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent question=Recipient |
| 3 | **make** | gerund | a person *not said here* | careful observations |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset observation=Product |
| 4 | **do** | gerund | a person *not said here* | experiments |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent experiment=Eventuality |
| 5 | **use** | present |  | evidence |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent evidence=Patient |
| 6 | **find out** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V what S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 7 | **work** | present | things |  |  |  |  |  | vn employment-95.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A scientist studies the world by doing experiments.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:scientist:x1:1
# text = A scientist studies the world by doing experiments.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	scientist	scientist	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	studies	study	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	world	world	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
7	doing	do	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	advcl	_	_
8	experiments	experiment	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **study** | present | a scientist | the world |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent world=Topic |
| 2 | **do** | gerund | a scientist *not said here* | experiments |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent experiment=Eventuality |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Marie Curie was a famous scientist who studied radioactivity.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:scientist:x2:1
# text = Marie Curie was a famous scientist who studied radioactivity.
1	Marie	Marie	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
2	Curie	Curie	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	flat	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	famous	famous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	scientist	scientist	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
8	studied	study	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	acl:relcl	_	_
9	radioactivity	radioactivity	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | Marie | a famous scientist |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **study** | past | a famous scientist | radioactivity |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent radioactivity=Topic |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
When she grows up, she wants to be a scientist.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:scientist:x3:1
# text = When she grows up, she wants to be a scientist.
1	When	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	3	advmod	_	_
2	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	grows	grow	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	advcl	_	_
4	up	up	ADP	RP	_	3	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
6	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
7	wants	want	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	to	to	PART	TO	_	11	mark	_	_
9	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	11	cop	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	scientist	scientist	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **grow up** | present | she |  |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **want** | present | she |  |  |  |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Pivot |
| 3 | **is a** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | she *not said here* | a scientist |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Scientists use evidence, not guesses.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:scientist:x4:1
# text = Scientists use evidence, not guesses.
1	Scientists	scientist	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	use	use	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	evidence	evidence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
5	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	6	advmod	_	_
6	guesses	guess	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | present | Scientists | evidence and guesses |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent evidence=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Today we will work like scientists and test our predictions.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:scientist:x5:1
# text = Today we will work like scientists and test our predictions.
1	Today	today	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl:unmarked	_	_
2	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
3	will	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	work	work	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	like	like	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	scientists	scientist	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	test	test	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
9	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
10	predictions	prediction	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **work** | future | we |  |  |  | today | like scientists | vn employment-95.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **test** | present | we *not said here* | our predictions |  |  |  |  | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent prediction=Theme |
| 3 | **predict** |  | our |  |  |  |  |  | nom prediction «cognition transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Scientists found a new kind of frog in the rainforest.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:scientist:x6:1
# text = Scientists found a new kind of frog in the rainforest.
1	Scientists	scientist	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	found	find	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	kind	kind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	frog	frog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	rainforest	rainforest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **find** | past | Scientists | a new kind of frog in the rainforest |  |  |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent kind=Topic |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A scientist records her results carefully.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:scientist:x7:1
# text = A scientist records her results carefully.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	scientist	scientist	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	records	record	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	results	result	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	carefully	carefully	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **record** | present | a scientist | scientist's results |  |  |  | carefully *property* | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent result=Theme |
| 2 | **result** |  | scientist |  |  |  |  |  | nom result «phenomenon transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Good scientists repeat their experiments to check them.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:scientist:x8:1
# text = Good scientists repeat their experiments to check them.
1	Good	good	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	scientists	scientist	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	repeat	repeat	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	experiments	experiment	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	check	check	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	_
8	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **repeat** | present | Good scientists | scientists's experiments |  |  |  |  | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent experiment=Eventuality |
| 2 | **check** | to-infinitive | Good scientists *not said here* | experiments *= experiment* |  |  |  |  | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Theme |
| 3 | **experiment** |  | scientists *= scientist* |  |  |  |  |  | nom experiment «act intransitive»: poss=agent |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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