---
title: shaft — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «shaft» in the school dictionary: A shaft is a long, narrow hole that goes straight down or up, such as a mine shaft or a lift shaft. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# shaft

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** shaft, long narrow hole, light, rod, miners, arrow · **What happens:** be, go, shine, turn, pass, harness · **To what, where:** long narrow hole, long thin straight part, narrow beam, gap, rod, machines · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«shaft» in the school dictionary: its 5 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [shaft in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/shaft.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A shaft is a long, narrow hole that goes straight down or up, such as a mine shaft or a lift shaft.

<!-- fold The tree, 22 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shaft:m1:1
# text = A shaft is a long, narrow hole that goes straight down or up, such as a mine shaft or a lift shaft.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	shaft	shaft	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
5	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
7	narrow	narrow	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	hole	hole	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
9	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	10	nsubj	_	_
10	goes	go	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	acl:relcl	_	_
11	straight	straight	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
12	down	down	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
13	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	up	up	ADV	RB	_	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
16	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	20	case	_	_
17	as	as	ADP	IN	_	16	fixed	_	_
18	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
19	mine	mine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	compound	_	_
20	shaft	shaft	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	parataxis	_	_
21	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	24	cc	_	_
22	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
23	lift	lift	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	compound	_	_
24	shaft	shaft	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a shaft | a long narrow hole |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **go** | present | a long narrow hole |  |  |  |  | down *property* | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A shaft is the long, thin straight part of a tool, arrow, spear or golf club.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shaft:m2:1
# text = A shaft is the long, thin straight part of a tool, arrow, spear or golf club.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	shaft	shaft	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
5	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
7	thin	thin	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
8	straight	straight	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	part	part	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	tool	tool	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
14	arrow	arrow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
16	spear	spear	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	conj	_	_
17	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
18	golf	golf	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	compound	_	_
19	club	club	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a shaft | the long thin straight part |  |  |  | of a tool and arrow and spear or golf club | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A shaft of light is a narrow beam of light shining through a gap.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shaft:m3:1
# text = A shaft of light is a narrow beam of light shining through a gap.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	shaft	shaft	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	light	light	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	narrow	narrow	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	beam	beam	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	light	light	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	_
11	shining	shine	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	10	acl	_	_
12	through	through	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	gap	gap	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a shaft of light | a narrow beam |  |  |  | of light | tree rules |
| 2 | **shine** | gerund | light *not said here* |  |  | a gap |  |  | vn light\_emission-43.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme through gap=Location |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In machines, a shaft is a rod that turns and passes on movement, like the shaft in a car.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shaft:m4:1
# text = In machines, a shaft is a rod that turns and passes on movement, like the shaft in a car.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	machines	machine	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	shaft	shaft	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	rod	rod	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
9	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	10	nsubj	_	_
10	turns	turn	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	acl:relcl	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	passes	pass	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	conj	_	_
13	on	on	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	movement	movement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
16	like	like	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	shaft	shaft	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	appos	_	_
19	in	in	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	car	car	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a shaft | a rod |  | machines |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **turn** | present | a rod |  |  |  |  |  | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **pass** | present | a rod *not said here* |  |  | movement |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme on movement=Location |

## Meaning 5 {#m5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A shaft can also be one of the two long poles on a cart, between which a horse is harnessed.

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shaft:m5:1
# text = A shaft can also be one of the two long poles on a cart, between which a horse is harnessed.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	shaft	shaft	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
4	also	also	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
5	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	cop	_	_
6	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	0	root	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
9	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	11	nummod	_	_
10	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	poles	pole	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	_
12	on	on	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	cart	cart	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
16	between	between	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	21	obl	_	_
18	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	horse	horse	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	nsubj:pass	_	_
20	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	21	aux:pass	_	_
21	harnessed	harness	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | can | a shaft | one |  |  |  | of the two long poles on a cart | tree rules |
| 2 | **harness** | present · passive |  | a horse |  |  |  | between the two long poles on a cart | vn butter-9.9 «NP V NP.destination»: subject=Destination |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The miners went down the shaft in a metal cage.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shaft:x1:1
# text = The miners went down the shaft in a metal cage.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	miners	miner	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	went	go	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	down	down	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	shaft	shaft	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	metal	metal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	_
10	cage	cage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **go down** | past | the miners | the shaft |  |  |  | in a metal cage | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1-1 «NP.patient V PP.attribute NP.extent PP.source PP.goal»: agent=Patient shaft=Extent in cage=Attribute |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A shaft of sunlight came through the gap in the curtains.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shaft:x2:1
# text = A shaft of sunlight came through the gap in the curtains.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	shaft	shaft	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	sunlight	sunlight	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	through	through	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	gap	gap	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	curtains	curtain	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | past | a shaft of sunlight |  |  | the gap in the curtains |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme through gap=Initial\_Location |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The arrow had a wooden shaft and a sharp tip.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shaft:x3:1
# text = The arrow had a wooden shaft and a sharp tip.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	arrow	arrow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	wooden	wooden	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	shaft	shaft	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	sharp	sharp	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	tip	tip	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | the arrow | a wooden shaft and a sharp tip |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent shaft=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The lift shaft runs from the basement to the top floor.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shaft:x4:1
# text = The lift shaft runs from the basement to the top floor.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	lift	lift	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	shaft	shaft	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	runs	run	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	from	from	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	basement	basement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
8	to	to	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	top	top	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	floor	floor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **run** | present | the lift shaft |  |  | the basement |  | to the top floor *result* | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.result»: agent=Theme to floor=Result |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Keep away from old mine shafts; they can be very deep.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shaft:x5:1
# text = Keep away from old mine shafts; they can be very deep.
1	Keep	keep	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	away	away	ADV	RB	_	1	advmod	_	_
3	from	from	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
5	mine	mine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	shafts	shaft	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	12	punct	_	_
8	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	12	nsubj	_	_
9	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	12	aux	_	_
10	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	12	cop	_	_
11	very	very	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
12	deep	deep	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **keep away** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  | old mine shafts |  | away *property* | vn forbid-64.4 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Causer from shaft=Eventuality |
| 2 | **is** | can | shafts *= shaft* |  |  |  |  | deep *property* | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The motor turns a shaft that spins the wheels.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shaft:x6:1
# text = The motor turns a shaft that spins the wheels.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	motor	motor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	turns	turn	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	shaft	shaft	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj	_	_
7	spins	spin	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	wheels	wheel	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **turn** | present | the motor | a shaft |  |  |  |  | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent shaft=Theme |
| 2 | **spin** | present | a shaft | the wheels |  |  |  |  | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent wheel=Theme |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The handle of the hammer is called its shaft.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shaft:x7:1
# text = The handle of the hammer is called its shaft.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	handle	handle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	hammer	hammer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux:pass	_	_
7	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
8	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	shaft	shaft	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **call** | present · passive |  | the handle of the hammer |  |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The golf club's shaft bent when he hit the tree.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shaft:x8:1
# text = The golf club's shaft bent when he hit the tree.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	golf	golf	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	club	club	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	's	's	PART	POS	_	3	case	_	_
5	shaft	shaft	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
6	bent	bend	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	9	advmod	_	_
8	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
9	hit	hit	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	ccomp	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	tree	tree	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **bend** | past | the golf club's shaft |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **hit** | past | he | the tree |  |  |  |  | vn contiguous\_location-47.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme tree=Co-Theme |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
So of course the townspeople, whenever they wanted a horse shod or a shaft mended, went to the mayor.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shaft:x9:1
# text = So of course the townspeople, whenever they wanted a horse shod or a shaft mended, went to the mayor.
1	So	so	ADV	RB	_	18	advmod	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	course	course	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	fixed	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	townspeople	townspeople	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
7	whenever	whenever	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	9	advmod	_	_
8	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
9	wanted	want	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	horse	horse	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	_
12	shod	shoe	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	xcomp	_	_
13	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	shaft	shaft	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
16	mended	mend	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	15	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
18	went	go	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
19	to	to	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	mayor	mayor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	18	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **want** | past | townspeople | a horse |  |  |  | whenever *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **shoe** *not said to happen* | participle | a horse *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn butter-9.9 «NP V NP.destination»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **mend** | participle |  | a shaft *not said here* |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **go** | past |  |  |  | the mayor |  | of the townspeople or a shaft | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location PP.destination»: agent=Theme of townspeople=Initial\_Location to mayor=Destination |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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