---
title: shard — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «shard» in the school dictionary: A sharp, broken piece of glass, pottery, metal or ice. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# shard

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** ground, shard, cup, you, me, archaeologists · **What happens:** break, find, call, lay, not touch, let · **To what, where:** old pottery, ground, potsherd, kitchen floor, shards, me · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«shard» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [shard in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/shard.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A sharp, broken piece of glass, pottery, metal or ice.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shard:m1:1
# text = A sharp, broken piece of glass, pottery, metal or ice.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
2	sharp	sharp	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	broken	break	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	amod	_	_
5	piece	piece	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	glass	glass	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
9	pottery	pottery	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
11	metal	metal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	parataxis	_	_
12	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	ice	ice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **break** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: archaeology — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A broken piece of old pottery found in the ground, also called a potsherd.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shard:m2:1
# text = A broken piece of old pottery found in the ground, also called a potsherd.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	broken	break	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	amod	_	_
3	piece	piece	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	pottery	pottery	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
7	found	find	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	acl	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	ground	ground	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
12	also	also	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
13	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	acl	_	_
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	potsherd	potsherd	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **break** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **find** | participle |  | old pottery *not said here* |  | the ground |  |  | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S\_INF»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **call** | participle | the ground *not said here* | a potsherd |  |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: figurative — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A small sharp bit of something, like «a shard of light» or «a shard of memory».

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shard:m3:1
# text = A small sharp bit of something, like «a shard of light» or «a shard of memory».
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
2	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
3	sharp	sharp	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	bit	bit	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
8	like	like	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	shard	shard	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	appos	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	light	light	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	11	punct	_	_
15	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
16	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	18	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	shard	shard	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	_
19	of	of	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
20	memory	memory	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	18	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A shard of glass lay on the kitchen floor after the cup broke.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shard:x1:1
# text = A shard of glass lay on the kitchen floor after the cup broke.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	shard	shard	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	glass	glass	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	lay	lay	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	on	on	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	kitchen	kitchen	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	floor	floor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
10	after	after	SCONJ	IN	_	13	mark	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	cup	cup	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nsubj	_	_
13	broke	break	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lay** | present | a shard of glass |  |  | the kitchen floor |  |  | vn put\_spatial-9.2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent on floor=Destination |
| 2 | **break** | past | the cup |  |  |  |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Don't touch the shards — let me sweep them up.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shard:x2:1
# text = Don't touch the shards — let me sweep them up.
1	Do	do	AUX	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	3	advmod	_	_
3	touch	touch	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	shards	shard	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	—	-	PUNCT	:	_	7	punct	_	_
7	let	let	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
8	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	7	obj	_	_
9	sweep	sweep	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	xcomp	_	_
10	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	obj	_	_
11	up	up	ADP	RP	_	9	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **touch** | imperative · do-support | you *not said here* | the shards |  |  |  |  | vn contiguous\_location-47.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme shard=Co-Theme |
| 2 | **let** | infinitive | you *not said here* | me |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **sweep up** | infinitive | me *not said here* | shards *= shard* |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme they=Trajectory |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The archaeologists found Roman pottery shards in the field.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shard:x3:1
# text = The archaeologists found Roman pottery shards in the field.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	archaeologists	archaeologist	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	found	find	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	Roman	roman	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
5	pottery	pottery	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	shards	shard	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	field	field	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **find** | past | the archaeologists | Roman pottery shards |  | the field |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent shard=Topic |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A shard of ice fell from the gutter.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shard:x4:1
# text = A shard of ice fell from the gutter.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	shard	shard	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	ice	ice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	fell	fall	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	from	from	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	gutter	gutter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fall** | past | a shard of ice |  |  | the gutter |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from gutter=Initial\_Location |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A shard of sunlight came through the gap in the curtains.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shard:x5:1
# text = A shard of sunlight came through the gap in the curtains.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	shard	shard	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	sunlight	sunlight	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	through	through	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	gap	gap	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	curtains	curtain	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | past | a shard of sunlight |  |  | the gap in the curtains |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme through gap=Initial\_Location |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
From the top of the Shard you can see all of London.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shard:x6:1
# text = From the top of the Shard you can see all of London.
1	From	from	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	top	top	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	Shard	Shard	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
7	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
8	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	_
9	see	see	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
10	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	12	det	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	London	London	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **see** | can | you | all London |  | the top of the Shard |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer london=Stimulus |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Wrap the broken shards in newspaper before you throw them away.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shard:x7:1
# text = Wrap the broken shards in newspaper before you throw them away.
1	Wrap	wrap	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	broken	break	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	amod	_	_
4	shards	shard	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	newspaper	newspaper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
7	before	before	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
8	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
9	throw	throw	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	1	advcl	_	_
10	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	obj	_	_
11	away	away	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **wrap** | imperative | you *not said here* | the broken shards |  | newspaper |  |  | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent shard=Theme in newspaper=Destination |
| 2 | **break** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Patient |
| 3 | **throw away** | present | you | shards *= shard* |  |  |  | away *property* | vn throw-17.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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