---
title: shark — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «shark» in the school dictionary: A shark is a large fish with a long body, fins, rows of sharp teeth and a skeleton made of cartilage instead of bone. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# shark

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** shark, person, Sharks, whale shark, you, hammerhead shark · **What happens:** be, make, cheat, swim, have, shape · **To what, where:** large fish, skeleton, person, others, money, many rows

<!-- .vabout -->
«shark» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [shark in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/shark.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A shark is a large fish with a long body, fins, rows of sharp teeth and a skeleton made of cartilage instead of bone.

<!-- fold The tree, 24 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shark:m1:1
# text = A shark is a large fish with a long body, fins, rows of sharp teeth and a skeleton made of cartilage instead of bone.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	shark	shark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	large	large	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	fish	fish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	with	with	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	body	body	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
12	fins	fin	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
14	rows	row	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	parataxis	_	_
15	of	of	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	sharp	sharp	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
17	teeth	tooth	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	nmod	_	_
18	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
19	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	skeleton	skeleton	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	conj	_	_
21	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	20	acl	_	_
22	of	of	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
23	cartilage	cartilage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	obl	_	_
24	instead	instead	ADV	RB	ExtPos=ADP	26	case	_	_
25	of	of	ADP	IN	_	24	fixed	_	_
26	bone	bone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a shark | a large fish |  |  |  | with a long body and fins | tree rules |
| 2 | **make** | participle |  | a skeleton *not said here* |  |  |  | of cartilage; instead bone | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Informally, a shark is a person who cheats others out of money, like a loan shark.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shark:m2:1
# text = Informally, a shark is a person who cheats others out of money, like a loan shark.
1	Informally	informally	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	shark	shark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	9	nsubj	_	_
9	cheats	cheat	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	acl:relcl	_	_
10	others	other	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obj	_	_
11	out	out	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	money	money	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
15	like	like	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
16	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
17	loan	loan	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	compound	_	_
18	shark	shark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a shark | a person |  |  |  | informally *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **cheat** | present | a person | others |  | money |  |  | vn cheat-10.6.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent other=Source |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The shark swam close to the boat.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shark:x1:1
# text = The shark swam close to the boat.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	shark	shark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	swam	swim	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	close	close	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	3	advmod	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	boat	boat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **swim** | past | the shark |  |  |  |  | close *property* | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Sharks have many rows of teeth.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shark:x2:1
# text = Sharks have many rows of teeth.
1	Sharks	shark	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	rows	row	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	teeth	tooth	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | Sharks | many rows of teeth |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent row=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The whale shark is the biggest fish in the sea.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shark:x3:1
# text = The whale shark is the biggest fish in the sea.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	whale	whale	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	shark	shark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	biggest	big	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	7	amod	_	_
7	fish	fish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the whale shark | the biggest fish |  | the sea |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Swim between the flags at the beach.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shark:x4:1
# text = Swim between the flags at the beach.
1	Swim	swim	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	between	between	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	flags	flag	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obl	_	_
5	at	at	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	beach	beach	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **swim** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  | the beach |  | between the flags | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme between flag=Trajectory |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A hammerhead shark has a head shaped like a hammer.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shark:x5:1
# text = A hammerhead shark has a head shaped like a hammer.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	hammerhead	hammerhead	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	shark	shark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	head	head	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	shaped	shape	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	acl	_	_
8	like	like	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	hammer	hammer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | a hammerhead shark | a head |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent head=Patient |
| 2 | **shape** | participle |  | a head *not said here* |  |  |  | like a hammer | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Sharks breathe through gills.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shark:x6:1
# text = Sharks breathe through gills.
1	Sharks	shark	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	breathe	breathe	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	through	through	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	gills	gill	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **breathe** | present | Sharks |  |  | gills |  |  | vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We saw sharks at the aquarium.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shark:x7:1
# text = We saw sharks at the aquarium.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	saw	see	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	sharks	shark	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	at	at	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	aquarium	aquarium	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **see** | past | We | sharks |  | the aquarium |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer shark=Stimulus |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Most sharks are not dangerous to people.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shark:x8:1
# text = Most sharks are not dangerous to people.
1	Most	most	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	2	amod	_	_
2	sharks	shark	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	5	advmod	_	_
5	dangerous	dangerous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
6	to	to	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **is** | present | Most sharks |  |  |  |  | to people; dangerous *property* | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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