---
title: sharpened — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «sharpened» in the school dictionary: Sharpened is the past form of «sharpen»: to make a point or edge sharper, like a pencil or a knife. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# sharpened

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Sharpened past form, adjective, It, I, you, Grandad · **What happens:** sharpen, be, make, mean, bring, practise · **To what, where:** Sharpened past form, point, pencil, two sharpened pencils, exam, axe · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«sharpened» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [sharpened in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/sharpened.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Sharpened is the past form of «sharpen»: to make a point or edge sharper, like a pencil or a knife.

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sharpened:m1:1
# text = Sharpened is the past form of «sharpen»: to make a point or edge sharper, like a pencil or a knife.
1	Sharpened	sharpen	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	amod	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	past	past	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	form	form	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
6	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
7	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	sharpen	sharpen	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	12	punct	_	_
11	to	to	PART	TO	_	12	mark	_	_
12	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	conj	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	point	point	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obj	_	_
15	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
16	edge	edge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	conj	_	_
17	sharper	sharp	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	12	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
19	like	like	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	pencil	pencil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	parataxis	_	_
22	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	24	cc	_	_
23	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
24	knife	knife	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sharpen** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **is a** | present |  | the Sharpened past form |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **sharpen** *in a quote* | infinitive | the Sharpened past form |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 4 | **make** | to-infinitive | the Sharpened past form *not said here* | a point or edge |  |  |  | sharp *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset point=Product |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
As an adjective it means having been made sharp: «a sharpened pencil».

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sharpened:m2:1
# text = As an adjective it means having been made sharp: «a sharpened pencil».
1	As	as	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	adjective	adjective	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
4	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
5	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	having	have	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	8	aux	_	_
7	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	8	aux:pass	_	_
8	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	ccomp	_	_
9	sharp	sharp	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	8	punct	_	_
11	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	sharpened	sharpen	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	14	amod	_	_
14	pencil	pencil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | adjective |  |  |  |  | as a adjective | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **make** | gerund · perfect · passive |  |  |  |  |  | sharp *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **sharpen** *in a quote* | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It can also mean made stronger or clearer: «sharpened skills».

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sharpened:m3:1
# text = It can also mean made stronger or clearer: «sharpened skills».
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
2	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
3	also	also	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	mean	mean	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	ccomp	_	_
6	stronger	strong	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	5	xcomp	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	clearer	clear	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	12	punct	_	_
10	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	sharpened	sharpen	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	12	amod	_	_
12	skills	skill	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | can | It |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **make** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | strong *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |
| 3 | **sharpen** *in a quote* | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I sharpened my pencil before the test.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sharpened:x1:1
# text = I sharpened my pencil before the test.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	sharpened	sharpen	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	pencil	pencil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	before	before	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	test	test	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sharpen** | past | I | my pencil |  |  | before the test |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent pencil=Patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Bring two sharpened pencils to the exam.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sharpened:x2:1
# text = Bring two sharpened pencils to the exam.
1	Bring	bring	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	4	nummod	_	_
3	sharpened	sharpen	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	amod	_	_
4	pencils	pencil	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	exam	exam	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **bring** | imperative | you *not said here* | two sharpened pencils |  | the exam |  |  | vn bring-11.3-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent pencil=Theme to exam=Destination |
| 2 | **sharpen** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Grandad sharpened the axe on a stone.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sharpened:x3:1
# text = Grandad sharpened the axe on a stone.
1	Grandad	Grandad	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	sharpened	sharpen	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	axe	axe	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	stone	stone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sharpen** | past | Grandad | the axe |  | a stone |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent axe=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Practising every day sharpened her piano skills.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sharpened:x4:1
# text = Practising every day sharpened her piano skills.
1	Practising	practise	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	csubj	_	_
2	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	3	det	_	_
3	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl:unmarked	_	_
4	sharpened	sharpen	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
6	piano	piano	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	skills	skill	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **practise** | gerund |  |  |  |  | day |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **sharpen** | past | Practising | her piano skills |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent skill=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Be careful — the knife has just been sharpened.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sharpened:x5:1
# text = Be careful — the knife has just been sharpened.
1	Be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	cop	_	_
2	careful	careful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
3	—	-	PUNCT	:	_	9	punct	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	knife	knife	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj:pass	_	_
6	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	_
7	just	just	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
8	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	9	aux:pass	_	_
9	sharpened	sharpen	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  | careful *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **sharpen** | present · perfect · passive |  | the knife |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: subject=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The fox's hunger sharpened its sense of smell.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sharpened:x6:1
# text = The fox's hunger sharpened its sense of smell.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	fox	fox	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	's	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	hunger	hunger	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	sharpened	sharpen	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	sense	sense	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	smell	smell	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sharpen** | past | the fox's hunger | hunger's sense of smell |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent sense=Patient |
| 2 | **hunger** |  | the fox |  |  |  |  |  | nom hunger «state intransitive»: poss=agent |
| 3 | **sense** |  | hunger | smell |  |  |  |  | nom sense «cognition transitive»: poss=agent of=patient |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The mother immediately took an axe and sharpened it, and went down to the dike with it.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sharpened:x7:1
# text = The mother immediately took an axe and sharpened it, and went down to the dike with it.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	mother	mother	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	immediately	immediately	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	took	take	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	axe	axe	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	sharpened	sharpen	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
9	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	went	go	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
13	down	down	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
14	to	to	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	dike	dike	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	_
17	with	with	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
18	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	16	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **take** | past | the mother | a axe |  |  |  | immediately *property* | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent axe=Theme |
| 2 | **sharpen** | past | the mother *not said here* | axe |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent it=Patient |
| 3 | **go down** | past | the mother *not said here* |  |  |  |  | to the dike with dike; down *property* | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1-1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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