---
title: shingle — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «shingle» in the school dictionary: Small round stones on a beach, larger than sand. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# shingle

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Shingles, illness, Waves, cabin, Grandpa, Brighton · **What happens:** lay, be, cause, hang out, mean, start · **To what, where:** other material, overlapping rows, illness, painful rash, shingle, own business · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«shingle» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [shingle in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/shingle.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Small round stones on a beach, larger than sand.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shingle:m1:1
# text = Small round stones on a beach, larger than sand.
1	Small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
2	round	round	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	stones	stone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nsubj	_	_
4	on	on	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	beach	beach	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	larger	large	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	0	root	_	_
9	than	than	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	sand	sand	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A thin flat piece of wood or other material laid in overlapping rows on roofs or walls.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shingle:m2:1
# text = A thin flat piece of wood or other material laid in overlapping rows on roofs or walls.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
2	thin	thin	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
3	flat	flat	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	piece	piece	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	wood	wood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
8	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	material	material	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	_
10	laid	lay	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	acl	_	_
11	in	in	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	overlapping	overlapping	ADJ	JJ	_	13	amod	_	_
13	rows	row	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obl	_	_
14	on	on	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	roofs	roof	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	nmod	_	_
16	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
17	walls	wall	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lay** | participle |  | other material *not said here* |  | overlapping rows on roofs or walls |  |  | vn put\_spatial-9.2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent in row=Destination |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: US — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A small sign outside a doctor's or lawyer's office.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shingle:m3:1
# text = A small sign outside a doctor's or lawyer's office.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	sign	sign	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	outside	outside	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	doctor	doctor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	's	's	PART	POS	_	6	case	_	_
8	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	lawyer	lawyer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	's	's	PART	POS	_	9	case	_	_
11	office	office	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

<!-- .note -->
The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"hang out your shingle" means start your own business.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shingle:m3e:1
# text = "hang out your shingle" means start your own business.
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	hang	hang	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	7	nsubj	_	_
3	out	out	ADP	RP	_	2	compound:prt	_	_
4	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	shingle	shingle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
7	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	start	start	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	ccomp	_	_
9	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	11	nmod:poss	_	_
10	own	own	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	business	business	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hang out** *in a quote* | infinitive |  | your shingle |  |  |  |  | vn poison-42.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent shingle=Patient |
| 2 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **start** | infinitive |  | your own business |  |  |  |  | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent business=Eventuality |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"Shingles" (always plural form) is an illness causing a painful rash, caused by the same virus as chickenpox.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shingle:m4:1
# text = "Shingles" (always plural form) is an illness causing a painful rash, caused by the same virus as chickenpox.
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Shingles	shingle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
4	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	always	always	ADV	RB	PronType=Tot	6	advmod	_	_
6	plural	plural	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	form	form	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	7	punct	_	_
9	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	cop	_	_
10	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	illness	illness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
12	causing	cause	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	11	acl	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
14	painful	painful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	rash	rash	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
17	caused	cause	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	11	conj	_	_
18	by	by	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
20	same	same	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	amod	_	_
21	virus	virus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obl	_	_
22	as	as	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
23	chickenpox	chickenpox	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Shingles | a illness |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **cause** | gerund | a illness *not said here* | a painful rash |  |  |  |  | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition rash=Patient |
| 3 | **cause** | participle | Shingles *not said here* |  |  |  |  | by the same virus as chickenpox | vn result-27.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Precondition |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The shingle beach crunched under our feet.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shingle:x1:1
# text = The shingle beach crunched under our feet.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	shingle	shingle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	beach	beach	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	crunched	crunch	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	acl	_	_
5	under	under	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	feet	foot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **crunch** | participle |  | the shingle beach *not said here* |  | our feet |  |  | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme under foot=Location |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Waves rolled the shingle up and down the shore.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shingle:x2:1
# text = Waves rolled the shingle up and down the shore.
1	Waves	wave	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	rolled	roll	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	shingle	shingle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	up	up	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	down	down	ADP	IN	_	5	conj	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	shore	shore	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **roll** | past | Waves | the shingle |  |  |  | the shore *obl* | vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent shingle=Agent |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Some shingles blew off the roof in the storm.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shingle:x3:1
# text = Some shingles blew off the roof in the storm.
1	Some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	2	det	_	_
2	shingles	shingle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	blew	blow	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	off	off	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	roof	roof	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	storm	storm	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **blow off** | past | some shingles | the roof |  |  |  | in the storm | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP PP.recipient PP.theme»: agent=Agent roof=Patient in storm=Topic |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The cabin has a wooden shingle roof.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shingle:x4:1
# text = The cabin has a wooden shingle roof.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	cabin	cabin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
5	wooden	wooden	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
6	shingle	shingle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	roof	roof	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | the cabin | a wooden shingle roof |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent roof=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Grandpa had shingles and needed rest.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shingle:x5:1
# text = Grandpa had shingles and needed rest.
1	Grandpa	Grandpa	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	shingles	shingle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	needed	need	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
6	rest	rest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | Grandpa | shingles |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent shingle=Patient |
| 2 | **need** | past | Grandpa *not said here* | rest |  |  |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot rest=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Brighton has a shingle beach, not a sandy one.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shingle:x6:1
# text = Brighton has a shingle beach, not a sandy one.
1	Brighton	Brighton	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	shingle	shingle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	beach	beach	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
7	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	10	advmod	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	sandy	sandy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	one	one	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | Brighton | a shingle beach and a sandy one |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent beach=Patient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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