---
title: shininess — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «shininess» in the school dictionary: The quality of being shiny: how bright, smooth and gleaming a surface looks when light falls on it. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# shininess

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** quality, light, much material, we, shininess, Polishing · **What happens:** be, gleam, look, fall, reflect, use · **To what, where:** surface, quality, light, materials, shininess, shoes · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«shininess» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [shininess in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/shininess.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The quality of being shiny: how bright, smooth and gleaming a surface looks when light falls on it.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shininess:m1:1
# text = The quality of being shiny: how bright, smooth and gleaming a surface looks when light falls on it.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	quality	quality	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	being	be	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	5	cop	_	_
5	shiny	shiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	8	punct	_	_
7	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	8	advmod	_	_
8	bright	bright	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
10	smooth	smooth	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	conj	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	gleaming	gleam	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	8	conj	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	surface	surface	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obj	_	_
15	looks	look	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
16	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	18	mark	_	_
17	light	light	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	nsubj	_	_
18	falls	fall	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	advcl	_	_
19	on	on	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
20	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	18	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	15	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | shiny *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **gleam** | gerund | the quality *not said here* | a surface |  |  |  |  | vn light\_emission-43.1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent surface=Theme |
| 3 | **look** | present | the quality |  |  |  |  |  | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus |
| 4 | **fall** | present | light |  |  | quality |  |  | vn occur-48.3 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme on it=Location |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: science — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
How much a material reflects light, used when we sort materials by their properties.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shininess:m2:1
# text = How much a material reflects light, used when we sort materials by their properties.
1	How	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	2	advmod	_	_
2	much	much	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	material	material	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	reflects	reflect	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	light	light	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	acl	_	_
9	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	11	advmod	_	_
10	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
11	sort	sort	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	advcl	_	_
12	materials	material	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obj	_	_
13	by	by	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	15	nmod:poss	_	_
15	properties	property	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **reflect** | present | a much material | light |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **use** | participle |  | light *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **sort** | present | we | materials |  |  |  | by their properties | vn classify-29.10 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent material=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We sorted the materials by hardness and shininess.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shininess:x1:1
# text = We sorted the materials by hardness and shininess.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	sorted	sort	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	materials	material	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	hardness	hardness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	shininess	shininess	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sort** | past | We | the materials |  |  |  | by hardness and shininess | vn classify-29.10 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent material=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The shininess of the spoon showed it was made of metal.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shininess:x2:1
# text = The shininess of the spoon showed it was made of metal.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	shininess	shininess	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	spoon	spoon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	showed	show	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj:pass	_	_
8	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux:pass	_	_
9	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	ccomp	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	metal	metal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | past | the shininess of the spoon |  |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **make** | past · passive |  | shininess |  |  |  | of metal | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Polishing the shoes brought back their shininess.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shininess:x3:1
# text = Polishing the shoes brought back their shininess.
1	Polishing	polish	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	csubj	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	shoes	shoe	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
4	brought	bring	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	back	back	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
6	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	shininess	shininess	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **polish** | gerund |  | the shoes |  |  |  |  | vn butter-9.9 «NP V NP.destination»: agent=Agent shoe=Destination |
| 2 | **bring back** | past | Polishing | shoes's shininess |  |  |  |  | vn bring-11.3-1 «NP V NP together»: agent=Agent shininess=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The advert promised shininess for your hair.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shininess:x4:1
# text = The advert promised shininess for your hair.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	advert	advert	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	promised	promise	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	shininess	shininess	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	for	for	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	hair	hair	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **promise** *speech: promise* | past | the advert | shininess |  |  |  | for your hair *goal* | vn future\_having-13.3 «NP V NP PP.goal»: agent=Agent shininess=Theme for hair=Goal |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Foil has more shininess than paper.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shininess:x5:1
# text = Foil has more shininess than paper.
1	Foil	foil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	more	more	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	4	amod	_	_
4	shininess	shininess	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	than	than	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	paper	paper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | Foil | more shininess |  |  |  | than paper | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent shininess=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The game lets you change the shininess of the car.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shininess:x6:1
# text = The game lets you change the shininess of the car.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	game	game	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	lets	let	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	3	obj	_	_
5	change	change	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	shininess	shininess	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	car	car	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **let** | present | the game | you |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **change** | infinitive | you *not said here* | the shininess of the car |  |  |  |  | vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent shininess=Patient |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Over time the coin lost its shininess and turned dull.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shininess:x7:1
# text = Over time the coin lost its shininess and turned dull.
1	Over	over	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	coin	coin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	lost	lose	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	shininess	shininess	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	turned	turn	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	_
10	dull	dull	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lose** | past | the coin | coin's shininess |  |  | time |  | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent shininess=Eventuality |
| 2 | **turn** | past | the coin *not said here* |  |  |  |  | dull *property* | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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