---
title: shiny — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «shiny» in the school dictionary: Shiny means smooth and bright, so it reflects light and seems to shine. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# shiny

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Shiny, it, new bike, Metals, you, She · **What happens:** mean, reflect, seem, shine, look, be · **To what, where:** light, new, materials, shiny, shoes, pavement · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«shiny» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [shiny in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/shiny.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Shiny means smooth and bright, so it reflects light and seems to shine.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shiny:m1:1
# text = Shiny means smooth and bright, so it reflects light and seems to shine.
1	Shiny	shiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	smooth	smooth	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	xcomp	_	_
4	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	bright	bright	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
7	so	so	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
8	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
9	reflects	reflect	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	parataxis	_	_
10	light	light	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	seems	seem	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	conj	_	_
13	to	to	PART	TO	_	14	mark	_	_
14	shine	shine	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	12	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Shiny |  |  |  |  | smooth *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **reflect** | present | it | light |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **seem** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn seem-109-1-1-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Theme clause=Attribute |
| 4 | **shine** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn light\_emission-43.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Shiny can mean new and clean-looking.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shiny:m2:1
# text = Shiny can mean new and clean-looking.
1	Shiny	shiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	nsubj	_	_
2	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	mean	mean	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	obj	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
6	clean	clean	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	looking	look	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | can | Shiny | new |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent new=Topic |
| 2 | **look** | gerund | Shiny *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The new bike was red and shiny.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shiny:x1:1
# text = The new bike was red and shiny.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	bike	bike	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
5	red	red	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	shiny	shiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the new bike |  |  |  |  | red *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **be** |  | the new bike *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Metals are usually shiny.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shiny:x2:1
# text = Metals are usually shiny.
1	Metals	metal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	usually	usually	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	shiny	shiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Metals |  |  |  |  | shiny, usually *property* | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Sort the materials into shiny and dull.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shiny:x3:1
# text = Sort the materials into shiny and dull.
1	Sort	sort	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	materials	material	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
4	into	into	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	shiny	shiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	obl	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	dull	dull	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sort** | imperative | you *not said here* | the materials |  |  |  | into shiny *goal* | vn classify-29.10 «NP V NP PP.goal»: agent=Agent material=Theme into shiny=Goal |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She polished her shoes until they were shiny.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shiny:x4:1
# text = She polished her shoes until they were shiny.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	polished	polish	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	shoes	shoe	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	until	until	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
6	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
7	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
8	shiny	shiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **polish** | past | She | her shoes |  |  |  |  | vn butter-9.9 «NP V NP.destination»: agent=Agent shoe=Destination |
| 2 | **is** | past | shoes *= shoe* |  |  |  |  | shiny *property* | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A shiny coin lay on the pavement.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shiny:x5:1
# text = A shiny coin lay on the pavement.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	shiny	shiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	coin	coin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	lay	lie	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	pavement	pavement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lie** | past | a shiny coin |  |  | the pavement |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent on pavement=Location |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The beetle had a shiny green back.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shiny:x6:1
# text = The beetle had a shiny green back.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	beetle	beetle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
5	shiny	shiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
6	green	green	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	back	back	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | the beetle | a shiny green back |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent back=Patient |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Shiny surfaces reflect light.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shiny:x7:1
# text = Shiny surfaces reflect light.
1	Shiny	shiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	surfaces	surface	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	reflect	reflect	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	light	light	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **reflect** | present | Shiny surfaces | light |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
His hair looked shiny after the bath.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shiny:x8:1
# text = His hair looked shiny after the bath.
1	His	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	hair	hair	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	looked	look	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	shiny	shiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	xcomp	_	_
5	after	after	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	bath	bath	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **look** | past | His hair |  |  |  | after the bath | shiny *property* | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"I suppose they are of shiny leather?" asked the old lady.

<!-- fold The tree, 11 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shiny:x9:1
# text = "I suppose they are of shiny leather?" asked the old lady.
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	suppose	suppose	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	ccomp	_	_
4	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
5	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	shiny	shiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	leather	leather	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	_
11	asked	ask	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	lady	lady	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	iobj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **suppose** *in a quote* | present | I |  |  |  |  |  | vn consider-29.9-2 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** *in a quote* | present | they |  |  |  |  | of shiny leather | tree rules |
| 3 | **ask** *speech: ask* | past |  |  | the old lady |  |  |  | vn urge-58.1-1-1 «NP V NP that S»: agent=Agent lady=Recipient clause=Topic |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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