---
title: shiver — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «shiver» in the school dictionary: To shiver means to shake a little, without wanting to, because you are cold, afraid or excited. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

<!-- md -->
[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/S/shiver/)

<!-- crumbs -->
[home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [dictionaries](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/) / [school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/) / [S](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/S/) / shiver

# shiver

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** you, shiver, It, spine, me, I · **What happens:** shiver, mean, shake, want, be, send · **To what, where:** little, one such small shake, shivers, me, puppy, towel · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«shiver» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [shiver in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/shiver.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To shiver means to shake a little, without wanting to, because you are cold, afraid or excited.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shiver:m1:1
# text = To shiver means to shake a little, without wanting to, because you are cold, afraid or excited.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	shiver	shiver	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	csubj	_	_
3	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	shake	shake	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
9	without	without	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
10	wanting	want	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	5	advcl	_	_
11	to	to	PART	TO	_	10	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
13	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	16	mark	_	_
14	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	16	nsubj	_	_
15	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	16	cop	_	_
16	cold	cold	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
18	afraid	afraid	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	conj	_	_
19	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
20	excited	excited	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **shiver** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn body\_internal\_states-40.6 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 2 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **shake** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive |  | a little |  |  |  |  | vn shake-22.3-2 «NP V NP together»: agent=Agent little=Patient |
| 4 | **want** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Pivot |
| 5 | **is** | present | you |  |  |  |  | cold *property* | tree rules |
| 6 | **be** |  | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 7 | **be** |  | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A shiver is one such small shake.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shiver:m2:1
# text = A shiver is one such small shake.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	shiver	shiver	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
4	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	7	nummod	_	_
5	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
6	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	shake	shake	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a shiver | one such small shake |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«It sent shivers down my spine» means it made me feel scared or thrilled.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shiver:m3:1
# text = «It sent shivers down my spine» means it made me feel scared or thrilled.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	sent	send	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	csubj	_	_
4	shivers	shiver	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
5	down	down	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	spine	spine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	_
9	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
10	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
11	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	ccomp	_	_
12	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	11	obj	_	_
13	feel	feel	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	11	xcomp	_	_
14	scared	scared	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	xcomp	_	_
15	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
16	thrilled	thrilled	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **send** *in a quote* | past | It | shivers |  |  |  | down my spine | vn confine-92-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent shiver=Theme |
| 2 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **make** | past | spine | me |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **feel** | infinitive | me *not said here* |  |  |  |  | scared *property* | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I shivered at the bus stop without my coat.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shiver:x1:1
# text = I shivered at the bus stop without my coat.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	shivered	shiver	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	at	at	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	bus	bus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	stop	stop	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
7	without	without	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	coat	coat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **shiver** | past | I |  |  |  |  | without my coat; at the bus stop | vn body\_internal\_states-40.6 «NP V PP.stimulus»: agent=Experiencer at stop=Stimulus |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The wet puppy was shivering, so we wrapped it in a towel.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shiver:x2:1
# text = The wet puppy was shivering, so we wrapped it in a towel.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	wet	wet	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	puppy	puppy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
5	shivering	shiver	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
7	so	so	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
8	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
9	wrapped	wrap	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	_
10	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	obj	_	_
11	in	in	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	towel	towel	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **shiver** | past · progressive | the wet puppy |  |  |  |  |  | vn body\_internal\_states-40.6 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 2 | **wrap** | past | we | puppy |  | a towel |  |  | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent it=Theme in towel=Destination |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The ghost story sent shivers down my spine.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shiver:x3:1
# text = The ghost story sent shivers down my spine.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	ghost	ghost	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	story	story	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	sent	send	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	shivers	shiver	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
6	down	down	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	spine	spine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **send** | past | the ghost story | shivers |  |  |  | down my spine | vn confine-92-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent shiver=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Shivering helps your body make heat.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shiver:x4:1
# text = Shivering helps your body make heat.
1	Shivering	shiver	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	nsubj	_	_
2	helps	help	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	body	body	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	xcomp	_	_
6	heat	heat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **shiver** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn body\_internal\_states-40.6 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 2 | **help** | present |  | your body |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent body=Beneficiary clause=Theme |
| 3 | **make** | infinitive | your body *not said here* | heat |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset heat=Product |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She shivered with excitement before the show.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shiver:x5:1
# text = She shivered with excitement before the show.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	shivered	shiver	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	with	with	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	excitement	excitement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
5	before	before	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	show	show	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **shiver** | past | She |  |  |  | before the show | with excitement | vn body\_internal\_states-40.6 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
If you are shivering after swimming, dry off and put on warm clothes.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shiver:x6:1
# text = If you are shivering after swimming, dry off and put on warm clothes.
1	If	if	SCONJ	IN	_	4	mark	_	_
2	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	shivering	shiver	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	8	advcl	_	_
5	after	after	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
6	swimming	swim	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	4	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
8	dry	dry	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	off	off	ADP	RP	_	8	compound:prt	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	put	put	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	conj	_	_
12	on	on	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	warm	warm	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	clothes	clothes	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **shiver** *a condition, not said to happen* | present · progressive | you |  |  |  |  |  | vn body\_internal\_states-40.6 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 2 | **swim** | gerund | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **dry off** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 4 | **put** | participle | you *not said here* |  |  | warm clothes |  |  | vn put-9.1-2 «NP V PP.destination NP»: agent=Agent on clothes=Destination |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A shiver ran through me when the door creaked.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shiver:x7:1
# text = A shiver ran through me when the door creaked.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	shiver	shiver	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	ran	run	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	through	through	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	obl	_	_
6	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	9	advmod	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	door	door	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
9	creaked	creak	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **run** | past | a shiver |  |  |  |  | through me | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme through i=Trajectory |
| 2 | **creak** | past | the door |  |  |  |  |  | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Oh! how she shivered with the cold.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shiver:x8:1
# text = Oh! how she shivered with the cold.
1	Oh	oh	INTJ	UH	_	5	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
3	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	5	advmod	_	_
4	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
5	shivered	shiver	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	cold	cold	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **shiver** | past | she |  |  |  |  | with the cold | vn body\_internal\_states-40.6 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
- ← previous: [shiva](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/S/shiva/)
- next →: [shivering](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/S/shivering/)
- ↑ back to [S in school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/S/)