---
title: shivering — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «shivering» in the school dictionary: Shivering means shaking a little because you are cold. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# shivering

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Shivering, you, We, wet puppy, She, fever · **What happens:** mean, shake, be, shiver, wrap, get · **To what, where:** little, puppy, towel, dark cellar, you, cold sea shivering · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«shivering» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [shivering in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/shivering.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Shivering means shaking a little because you are cold.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shivering:m1:1
# text = Shivering means shaking a little because you are cold.
1	Shivering	shivering	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	shaking	shake	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	xcomp	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	obj	_	_
6	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
7	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
8	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
9	cold	cold	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Shivering |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **shake** *not said to happen* | gerund | Shivering *not said here* | a little |  |  |  |  | vn shake-22.3-2 «NP V NP together»: agent=Agent little=Patient |
| 3 | **is** | present | you |  |  |  |  | cold *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Shivering can also mean shaking because you are scared, excited or ill with a fever.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shivering:m2:1
# text = Shivering can also mean shaking because you are scared, excited or ill with a fever.
1	Shivering	shiver	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	nsubj	_	_
2	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
3	also	also	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	mean	mean	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	shaking	shake	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	xcomp	_	_
6	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
7	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
8	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
9	scared	scared	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
11	excited	excited	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	conj	_	_
12	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	ill	ill	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	conj	_	_
14	with	with	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	fever	fever	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **shiver** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn body\_internal\_states-40.6 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 2 | **mean** | can |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **shake** *not said to happen* | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn shake-22.3-2 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Patient |
| 4 | **is** | present | you |  |  |  |  | scared *property* | tree rules |
| 5 | **be** |  | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 6 | **be** |  | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  | with a fever | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We were shivering at the bus stop in the snow.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shivering:x1:1
# text = We were shivering at the bus stop in the snow.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	shivering	shiver	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	at	at	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	bus	bus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	stop	stop	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	snow	snow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **shiver** | past · progressive | We |  |  |  |  | at the bus stop in the snow | vn body\_internal\_states-40.6 «NP V PP.stimulus»: agent=Experiencer at stop=Stimulus |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The wet puppy was shivering, so we wrapped it in a towel.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shivering:x2:1
# text = The wet puppy was shivering, so we wrapped it in a towel.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	wet	wet	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	puppy	puppy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
5	shivering	shiver	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
7	so	so	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
8	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
9	wrapped	wrap	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	_
10	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	obj	_	_
11	in	in	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	towel	towel	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **shiver** | past · progressive | the wet puppy |  |  |  |  |  | vn body\_internal\_states-40.6 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 2 | **wrap** | past | we | puppy |  | a towel |  |  | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent it=Theme in towel=Destination |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Get dry quickly or you'll start shivering.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shivering:x3:1
# text = Get dry quickly or you'll start shivering.
1	Get	get	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	dry	dry	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	xcomp	_	_
3	quickly	quickly	ADV	RB	_	1	advmod	_	_
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
5	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	'll	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
7	start	start	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	conj	_	_
8	shivering	shiver	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	7	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **get** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  | dry, quickly *property* | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer |
| 2 | **start** | future | you |  |  |  |  |  | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 3 | **shiver** | gerund | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn body\_internal\_states-40.6 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She was shivering with fear in the dark cellar.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shivering:x4:1
# text = She was shivering with fear in the dark cellar.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	shivering	shiver	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	with	with	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	fear	fear	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	dark	dark	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	cellar	cellar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **shiver** | past · progressive | She |  |  | the dark cellar |  | with fear | vn body\_internal\_states-40.6 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A fever can make you shiver even when the room is warm.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shivering:x5:1
# text = A fever can make you shiver even when the room is warm.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	fever	fever	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	4	obj	_	_
6	shiver	shiver	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	xcomp	_	_
7	even	even	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
8	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	12	advmod	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	room	room	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nsubj	_	_
11	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	cop	_	_
12	warm	warm	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | can | a fever | you |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **shiver** | infinitive | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn body\_internal\_states-40.6 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 3 | **is** | present | the room |  |  |  |  | warm *property* | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The children came out of the cold sea shivering.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shivering:x6:1
# text = The children came out of the cold sea shivering.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	children	child	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	out	out	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
7	cold	cold	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
8	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	shivering	shivering	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come out** | past | the children | the cold sea shivering |  |  |  |  | vn become-109.1 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Patient shivering=Result |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Shivering helps your body make heat.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shivering:x7:1
# text = Shivering helps your body make heat.
1	Shivering	shiver	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	nsubj	_	_
2	helps	help	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	body	body	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	xcomp	_	_
6	heat	heat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **shiver** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn body\_internal\_states-40.6 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 2 | **help** | present |  | your body |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent body=Beneficiary clause=Theme |
| 3 | **make** | infinitive | your body *not said here* | heat |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset heat=Product |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The ghost story sent a shiver down my spine.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shivering:x8:1
# text = The ghost story sent a shiver down my spine.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	ghost	ghost	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	story	story	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	sent	send	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	shiver	shiver	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	down	down	ADP	RP	_	4	compound:prt	_	_
8	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	spine	spine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **send down** | past | the ghost story | a shiver |  |  |  |  | vn send-11.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent shiver=Destination spine=Theme |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
“Has that dog stopped shivering yet?” he asked.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shivering:x9:1
# text = “Has that dog stopped shivering yet?” he asked.
1	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Has	have	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
3	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	4	det	_	_
4	dog	dog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	_
5	stopped	stop	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	11	ccomp	_	_
6	shivering	shiver	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	xcomp	_	_
7	yet	yet	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	5	punct	_	_
10	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
11	asked	ask	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stop** *in a quote* | past | Has |  |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Affector clause=Eventuality |
| 2 | **shiver** *in a quote* | gerund | Has *not said here* |  |  |  | yet |  | vn body\_internal\_states-40.6 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 3 | **ask** *speech: ask* | past | dog |  |  |  |  |  | vn inquire-37.1.2 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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