---
title: shorten — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «shorten» in the school dictionary: To shorten something is to make it shorter in length, like shortening trousers or a rope. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# shorten

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Mum, trousers, rain, you, days, winter · **What happens:** shorten, be, last, come, go, lay · **To what, where:** something, lesson, word, Ben, trousers, game · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«shorten» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [shorten in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/shorten.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To shorten something is to make it shorter in length, like shortening trousers or a rope.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shorten:m1:1
# text = To shorten something is to make it shorter in length, like shortening trousers or a rope.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	shorten	shorten	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	csubj	_	_
3	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	obj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
7	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	obj	_	_
8	shorter	short	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	6	xcomp	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	length	length	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
12	like	like	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	shortening	shorten	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	14	amod	_	_
14	trousers	trousers	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	_
15	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
16	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	rope	rope	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **shorten** | to-infinitive |  | something |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent something=Patient |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | like shortening trousers or a rope; make, short *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **shorten** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To shorten something is to make it last less time, like shortening a lesson.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shorten:m2:1
# text = To shorten something is to make it last less time, like shortening a lesson.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	shorten	shorten	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	csubj	_	_
3	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	obj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
7	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	obj	_	_
8	last	last	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	xcomp	_	_
9	less	less	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	10	amod	_	_
10	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
12	like	like	SCONJ	IN	_	13	mark	_	_
13	shortening	shorten	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	8	advcl	_	_
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	lesson	lesson	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **shorten** | to-infinitive |  | something |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent something=Patient |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | make *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **last** | infinitive |  |  |  |  | time |  | vn cost-54.2 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Theme |
| 4 | **shorten** | gerund |  | a lesson |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent lesson=Patient |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To shorten a word or name is to make it smaller, like «Benjamin» shortened to «Ben».

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shorten:m3:1
# text = To shorten a word or name is to make it smaller, like «Benjamin» shortened to «Ben».
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	shorten	shorten	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	9	advcl	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	name	name	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
8	to	to	PART	TO	_	9	mark	_	_
9	make	make	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
10	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	obj	_	_
11	smaller	small	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	9	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
13	like	like	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	Benjamin	Benjamin	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	17	punct	_	_
17	shortened	shorten	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	parataxis	_	_
18	to	to	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	20	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	Ben	Ben	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	17	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **shorten** | to-infinitive |  | a word or name |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent word=Patient |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | like Benjamin; make, small *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **shorten** | past |  |  | Ben |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Mum shortened my trousers because they were too long.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shorten:x1:1
# text = Mum shortened my trousers because they were too long.
1	Mum	mum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	shortened	shorten	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	trousers	trousers	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
6	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
7	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
8	too	too	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
9	long	long	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	2	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **shorten** | past | Mum | my trousers |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent trousers=Patient |
| 2 | **is** | past | trousers |  |  |  |  | long *property* | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The rain shortened our game by ten minutes.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shorten:x2:1
# text = The rain shortened our game by ten minutes.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	rain	rain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	shortened	shorten	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	game	game	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	by	by	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	ten	ten	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	8	nummod	_	_
8	minutes	minute	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **shorten** | past | the rain | our game |  |  | minute |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent game=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Can you shorten this sentence?

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shorten:x3:1
# text = Can you shorten this sentence?
1	Can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
2	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	shorten	shorten	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	5	det	_	_
5	sentence	sentence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **shorten** | can | you | this sentence |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent sentence=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«Elizabeth» is often shortened to «Liz».

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shorten:x4:1
# text = «Elizabeth» is often shortened to «Liz».
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Elizabeth	Elizabeth	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nsubj:pass	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux:pass	_	_
5	often	often	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	shortened	shorten	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
7	to	to	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	Liz	Liz	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **shorten** | present · passive |  | Elizabeth | Liz |  |  | often *property* | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: subject=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The days shorten as winter comes.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shorten:x5:1
# text = The days shorten as winter comes.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	days	day	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	shorten	shorten	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
5	winter	winter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
6	comes	come	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **shorten** | present | the days |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **come** | present | winter |  |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
If you shorten a 50 cm ribbon by 15 cm, it is 35 cm long.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shorten:x6:1
# text = If you shorten a 50 cm ribbon by 15 cm, it is 35 cm long.
1	If	if	SCONJ	IN	_	3	mark	_	_
2	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	shorten	shorten	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	16	advcl	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
5	50	50	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
6	cm	cm	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	compound	_	_
7	ribbon	ribbon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
8	by	by	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	15	15	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	10	nummod	_	_
10	cm	cm	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
12	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	16	nsubj	_	_
13	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	16	cop	_	_
14	35	35	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	15	nummod	_	_
15	cm	cm	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	obl:unmarked	_	_
16	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	16	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **shorten** *a condition, not said to happen* | present | you | a cm ribbon |  |  |  | by 15 cm | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent ribbon=Patient |
| 2 | **is** | present | ribbon |  |  |  |  | 35 cm *obl:unmarked*; long *property* | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We shortened the rope so the swing was higher.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shorten:x7:1
# text = We shortened the rope so the swing was higher.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	shortened	shorten	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	rope	rope	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	so	so	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	swing	swing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
8	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
9	higher	high	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	2	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **shorten** | past | We | the rope |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent rope=Patient |
| 2 | **is** | past | the swing |  |  |  |  | high *property* | tree rules |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
And as they went to lay the foundation-stone, Gobborn Seer said to Jack, "Can't you shorten the way for me?"

<!-- fold The tree, 22 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shorten:x8:1
# text = And as they went to lay the foundation-stone, Gobborn Seer said to Jack, "Can't you shorten the way for me?"
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
2	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	4	mark	_	_
3	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
4	went	go	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	14	advcl	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	lay	lay	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	advcl	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
8	foundation	foundation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	stone	stone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
12	Gobborn	Gobborn	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	13	compound	_	_
13	Seer	seer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nsubj	_	_
14	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
15	to	to	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	Jack	Jack	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
18	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	22	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	Ca	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	22	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	22	advmod	_	_
21	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	22	nsubj	_	_
22	shorten	shorten	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	14	ccomp	_	_
23	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
24	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	obj	_	_
25	for	for	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
26	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	22	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	22	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	22	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **go** | past | they |  |  |  |  |  | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **lay** | to-infinitive | they *not said here* | the foundation stone |  |  |  |  | vn create-26.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent stone=Result |
| 3 | **say** *speech: ask* | past | Gobborn Seer |  | Jack |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V PP.recipient S-Quote»: agent=Agent to jack=Recipient clause=Topic |
| 4 | **not** **shorten** *in a quote* | can | Jack | the way |  |  |  | for Gobborn Seer *= seer* | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent way=Patient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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