---
title: shoulder — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «shoulder» in the school dictionary: Your shoulder is the part of your body where your arm joins the rest of your body, below your neck. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# shoulder

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** shoulder, arm, cars, something, She, He · **What happens:** be, join, stop, mean, carry, take · **To what, where:** part, rest, strip, edge, it, shoulder · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«shoulder» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [shoulder in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/shoulder.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Your shoulder is the part of your body where your arm joins the rest of your body, below your neck.

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shoulder:m1:1
# text = Your shoulder is the part of your body where your arm joins the rest of your body, below your neck.
1	Your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	shoulder	shoulder	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	part	part	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	body	body	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
9	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	12	advmod	_	_
10	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	11	nmod:poss	_	_
11	arm	arm	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nsubj	_	_
12	joins	join	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	rest	rest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obj	_	_
15	of	of	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	17	nmod:poss	_	_
17	body	body	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
19	below	below	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	21	nmod:poss	_	_
21	neck	neck	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Your shoulder | the part |  |  |  | of your body | tree rules |
| 2 | **join** | present | your arm | the rest of your body |  |  |  |  | vn mix-22.1-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent rest=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The shoulder of a road (US, Canada, Australia) is the strip at the edge where cars can stop.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shoulder:m2:1
# text = The shoulder of a road (US, Canada, Australia) is the strip at the edge where cars can stop.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	shoulder	shoulder	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	road	road	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	US	US	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
9	Canada	Canada	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
11	Australia	Australia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	7	punct	_	_
13	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	cop	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	strip	strip	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
16	at	at	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	edge	edge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nmod	_	_
19	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	22	advmod	_	_
20	cars	car	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	22	nsubj	_	_
21	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	22	aux	_	_
22	stop	stop	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	18	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	15	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the shoulder of a road | the strip |  | the edge |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **stop** | can | cars |  |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To shoulder something means to carry it on your shoulder, or to take on a job or blame.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shoulder:m3:1
# text = To shoulder something means to carry it on your shoulder, or to take on a job or blame.
1	To	to	ADP	TO	_	2	case	_	_
2	shoulder	shoulder	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	4	nsubj	_	_
4	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	carry	carry	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	xcomp	_	_
7	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	obj	_	_
8	on	on	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
10	shoulder	shoulder	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
12	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
13	to	to	PART	TO	_	14	mark	_	_
14	take	take	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	conj	_	_
15	on	on	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	job	job	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	_
18	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
19	blame	blame	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | something |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **carry** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | something *not said here* | it |  | your shoulder |  |  | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme |
| 3 | **take** | to-infinitive | something *not said here* |  |  | a job or blame |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent on job=Destination |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She carried her bag on her shoulder.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shoulder:x1:1
# text = She carried her bag on her shoulder.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	carried	carry	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	bag	bag	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	shoulder	shoulder	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **carry** | past | She | her bag |  | her shoulder |  |  | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bag=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He shrugged his shoulders; he didn't know.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shoulder:x2:1
# text = He shrugged his shoulders; he didn't know.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	shrugged	shrug	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	shoulders	shoulder	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	9	punct	_	_
6	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
7	did	do	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	9	advmod	_	_
9	know	know	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **shrug** | past | He | his shoulders |  |  |  |  | vn wink-40.3.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent shoulder=Patient |
| 2 | **not** **know** | past · do-support | he |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The shoulder is a ball-and-socket joint.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shoulder:x3:1
# text = The shoulder is a ball-and-socket joint.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	shoulder	shoulder	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
5	ball	ball	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	socket	socket	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	_
10	joint	joint	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the shoulder | a ball socket joint |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My dad lifted me onto his shoulders to see the parade.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shoulder:x4:1
# text = My dad lifted me onto his shoulders to see the parade.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	dad	dad	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	lifted	lift	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	obj	_	_
5	onto	onto	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	shoulders	shoulder	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
8	to	to	PART	TO	_	9	mark	_	_
9	see	see	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	parade	parade	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lift** | past | My dad | me |  | dad's shoulders |  |  | vn put\_direction-9.4 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent i=Theme onto shoulder=Destination |
| 2 | **see** | to-infinitive | My dad *not said here* | the parade |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer parade=Stimulus |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Tap her on the shoulder to say hello.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shoulder:x5:1
# text = Tap her on the shoulder to say hello.
1	Tap	tap	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	her	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	1	obj	_	_
3	on	on	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	shoulder	shoulder	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	say	say	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	advcl	_	_
8	hello	hello	INTJ	UH	_	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **tap** | imperative | you *not said here* | her *= she* |  |  |  | on the shoulder | vn hit-18.1-1 «NP V NP PP»: agent=Agent she=Instrument on shoulder=Patient |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | to-infinitive | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent hello=Topic |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The car pulled over onto the shoulder.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shoulder:x6:1
# text = The car pulled over onto the shoulder.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	car	car	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	pulled	pull	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	over	over	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
5	onto	onto	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	shoulder	shoulder	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **pull over** | past · passive |  | the car |  | the shoulder |  | over *property* | vn push-12-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Head, shoulders, knees and toes!

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shoulder:x7:1
# text = Head, shoulders, knees and toes!
1	Head	head	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
3	shoulders	shoulder	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	knees	knee	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	conj	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	toes	toe	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
But an iron claw gripped his shoulder.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:shoulder:x8:1
# text = But an iron claw gripped his shoulder.
1	But	but	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
2	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	iron	iron	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	claw	claw	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	gripped	grip	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	shoulder	shoulder	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **grip** | past | a iron claw | claw's shoulder |  |  |  |  | vn touch-20-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent shoulder=Experiencer |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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