---
title: sill — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «sill» in the school dictionary: A sill is the flat shelf at the bottom of a window, inside or outside. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# sill

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** sill, rock, cat, We, Grandma, dust · **What happens:** be, form, melt, push, sit, put · **To what, where:** flat shelf, bottom, bottom part, flat layer, geology, hot melted rock

<!-- .vabout -->
«sill» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [sill in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/sill.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A sill is the flat shelf at the bottom of a window, inside or outside.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sill:m1:1
# text = A sill is the flat shelf at the bottom of a window, inside or outside.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	sill	sill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	flat	flat	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	shelf	shelf	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	at	at	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	bottom	bottom	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	window	window	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
14	inside	inside	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
15	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
16	outside	outside	ADV	RB	_	14	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a sill | the flat shelf |  | the bottom of a window |  | inside *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A sill is also the bottom part of a door frame.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sill:m2:1
# text = A sill is also the bottom part of a door frame.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	sill	sill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
4	also	also	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	bottom	bottom	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	part	part	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	door	door	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
11	frame	frame	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a sill | the bottom part |  |  |  | of a door frame | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In geology, a sill is a flat layer of rock that formed when hot melted rock pushed between other layers.

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sill:m3:1
# text = In geology, a sill is a flat layer of rock that formed when hot melted rock pushed between other layers.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	geology	geology	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	sill	sill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	flat	flat	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	layer	layer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	rock	rock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	_
12	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	13	nsubj	_	_
13	formed	form	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	11	acl:relcl	_	_
14	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	15	advmod	_	_
15	hot	hot	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
16	melted	melt	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	17	amod	_	_
17	rock	rock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obj	_	_
18	pushed	push	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	17	acl	_	_
19	between	between	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	amod	_	_
21	layers	layer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a sill | a flat layer |  | geology |  | of rock | tree rules |
| 2 | **form** | past | rock | hot melted rock |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location rock=Theme |
| 3 | **melt** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 4 | **push** | participle |  | hot melted rock *not said here* |  | other layers |  |  | vn funnel-9.3-1-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent between layer=Destination |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The cat sat on the window sill in the sun.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sill:x1:1
# text = The cat sat on the window sill in the sun.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	cat	cat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	sat	sit	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	window	window	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	sill	sill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	sun.	sun.	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sit** | past | the cat |  |  | the window sill |  | in the sun. | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent on sill=Location |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We put our bean seeds on the sill to grow.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sill:x2:1
# text = We put our bean seeds on the sill to grow.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	put	put	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
4	bean	bean	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	seeds	seed	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
6	on	on	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	sill	sill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
9	to	to	PART	TO	_	10	mark	_	_
10	grow	grow	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **put** | past | We | our bean seeds |  | the sill |  |  | vn put-9.1-2 «NP V PP.destination NP»: agent=Agent seed=Theme on sill=Destination |
| 2 | **grow** | to-infinitive | We *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A robin landed on the sill outside.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sill:x3:1
# text = A robin landed on the sill outside.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	robin	robin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	landed	land	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl	_	_
4	on	on	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	sill	sill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	outside	outside	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **land** | participle |  | a robin *not said here* |  | the sill |  | outside *property* | vn pocket-9.10-1 «NP V PP.destination»: agent=Theme on sill=Destination |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Grandma left a pie to cool on the window sill.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sill:x4:1
# text = Grandma left a pie to cool on the window sill.
1	Grandma	grandma	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	left	leave	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	pie	pie	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	cool	cool	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
7	on	on	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	window	window	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	_
10	sill	sill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **leave** | past | Grandma | a pie |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent pie=Theme |
| 2 | **cool** | to-infinitive | Grandma *not said here* |  |  | the window sill |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
There was dust all along the sill.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sill:x5:1
# text = There was dust all along the sill.
1	There	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	2	expl	_	_
2	was	be	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	dust	dust	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
4	all	all	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
5	along	along	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	sill	sill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **be** | past | dust along the sill |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Rain dripped off the sill onto the path.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sill:x6:1
# text = Rain dripped off the sill onto the path.
1	Rain	rain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
2	dripped	drip	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	1	acl	_	_
3	off	off	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	sill	sill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
6	onto	onto	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	path	path	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **drip** | participle |  | Rain *not said here* |  | the path |  | off the sill | vn pour-9.5 «NP V PP.initial\_location PP.destination»: agent=Theme off sill=Initial\_Location onto path=Destination |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Don't sit on the sill of an open window — it is not safe.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sill:x7:1
# text = Don't sit on the sill of an open window — it is not safe.
1	Do	do	AUX	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	3	advmod	_	_
3	sit	sit	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	on	on	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	sill	sill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	open	open	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	window	window	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
11	—	-	PUNCT	:	_	15	punct	_	_
12	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	15	nsubj	_	_
13	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	cop	_	_
14	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	15	advmod	_	_
15	safe	safe	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **sit** | imperative · do-support | you *not said here* |  |  | the sill of a open window |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent on sill=Location |
| 2 | **not** **is** | present | window |  |  |  |  | safe *property* | tree rules |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
When he had done pecking he got upon the window-sill, opened his wings, and flew right away.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sill:x8:1
# text = When he had done pecking he got upon the window-sill, opened his wings, and flew right away.
1	When	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	4	advmod	_	_
2	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
3	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	done	do	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	pecking	peck	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	4	advcl	_	_
6	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
7	got	get	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	ccomp	_	_
8	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
10	window	window	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	sill	sill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
14	opened	open	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	conj	_	_
15	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	16	nmod:poss	_	_
16	wings	wing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
18	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
19	flew	fly	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	parataxis	_	_
20	right	right	ADV	RB	_	21	advmod	_	_
21	away	away	ADV	RB	_	19	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **do** | past · perfect | he |  |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **peck** | gerund | he *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **get** | past | he |  |  |  |  | upon the window sill | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer |
| 4 | **open** | past | he *not said here* | his wings |  |  |  |  | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location wing=Theme |
| 5 | **fly** | past |  |  |  |  |  | away *property* | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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