---
title: ski — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «ski» in the school dictionary: A ski is one of a pair of long narrow flat boards fixed to boots for sliding over snow. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# ski

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** ski, We, I, She, ski lift, you · **What happens:** be, fix, slide, ski, mean, move · **To what, where:** one, long narrow flat boards, snow, mountains, skis, us · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«ski» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [ski in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/ski.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A ski is one of a pair of long narrow flat boards fixed to boots for sliding over snow.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ski:m1:1
# text = A ski is one of a pair of long narrow flat boards fixed to boots for sliding over snow.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	ski	ski	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	pair	pair	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
9	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
10	narrow	narrow	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
11	flat	flat	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	boards	board	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nmod	_	_
13	fixed	fix	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	12	acl	_	_
14	to	to	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	boots	boot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	obl	_	_
16	for	for	SCONJ	IN	_	17	mark	_	_
17	sliding	slide	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	13	advcl	_	_
18	over	over	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	snow	snow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a ski | one |  |  |  | of a pair of long narrow flat boards | tree rules |
| 2 | **fix** | participle |  | long narrow flat boards *not said here* |  |  |  | to boots | vn shake-22.3-2 «NP V NP PP»: agent=Agent to boot=Co-Patient |
| 3 | **slide** | gerund |  |  |  | snow |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme over snow=Trajectory |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To ski means to move over snow on skis.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ski:m2:1
# text = To ski means to move over snow on skis.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	ski	ski	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	csubj	_	_
3	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	move	move	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
6	over	over	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	snow	snow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
8	on	on	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	skis	ski	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **ski** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn vehicle-51.4.1-1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **move** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive |  |  |  | snow |  | on skis | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V PP.source PP.trajectory PP.destination»: agent=Theme over snow=Source on ski=Trajectory |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We went skiing in the mountains.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ski:x1:1
# text = We went skiing in the mountains.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	went	go	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	skiing	ski	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	xcomp	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	mountains	mountain	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **go** | past | We |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7 «NP V S-Quote»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **ski** | gerund | We *not said here* |  |  | the mountains |  |  | vn vehicle-51.4.1-1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I fell over on my skis.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ski:x2:1
# text = I fell over on my skis.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	fell	fall	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	over	over	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
4	on	on	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	skis	ski	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fall over** | past | I |  |  | my skis |  | over *property* | vn occur-48.3 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme on ski=Location |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She skis faster than her dad.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ski:x3:1
# text = She skis faster than her dad.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	skis	ski	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	faster	fast	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	2	advmod	_	_
4	than	than	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	dad	dad	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **ski** | present | She |  |  |  |  | fast *property* | vn vehicle-51.4.1-1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The ski lift took us to the top.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ski:x4:1
# text = The ski lift took us to the top.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	ski	ski	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	lift	lift	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	took	take	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	iobj	_	_
6	to	to	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	top	top	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **take** | past | the ski lift |  | us | the top |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent we=Theme to top=Destination |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Always wear a helmet when you ski.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ski:x5:1
# text = Always wear a helmet when you ski.
1	Always	always	ADV	RB	PronType=Tot	2	advmod	_	_
2	wear	wear	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	helmet	helmet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	7	advmod	_	_
6	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
7	ski	ski	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **wear** | imperative | you *not said here* | a helmet |  |  |  | always *property* | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent helmet=Theme |
| 2 | **ski** | present | you |  |  |  |  |  | vn vehicle-51.4.1-1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He learned to water ski on the lake.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ski:x6:1
# text = He learned to water ski on the lake.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	learned	learn	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
4	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	ski	ski	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	on	on	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	lake	lake	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **learn** | past | He | water ski |  | the lake |  |  | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ski=Topic |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Put your skis on the rack.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ski:x7:1
# text = Put your skis on the rack.
1	Put	put	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
3	skis	ski	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
4	on	on	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	rack	rack	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **put** | imperative | you *not said here* | your skis |  | the rack |  |  | vn put-9.1-2 «NP V PP.destination NP»: agent=Agent ski=Theme on rack=Destination |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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