---
title: skin — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «skin» in the school dictionary: The outer covering of a person's or animal's body. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# skin

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** thin layer, I, skin, you, She, Snakes · **What happens:** form, scrape off, skin, protect, put, peel · **To what, where:** top, skin, knee, body, sunscreen, old skin

<!-- .vabout -->
«skin» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [skin in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/skin.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The outer covering of a person's or animal's body.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:skin:m1:1
# text = The outer covering of a person's or animal's body.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	outer	outer	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	covering	covering	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	's	's	PART	POS	_	6	case	_	_
8	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	animal	animal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	's	's	PART	POS	_	9	case	_	_
11	body	body	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The outer layer of a fruit or vegetable.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:skin:m2:1
# text = The outer layer of a fruit or vegetable.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	outer	outer	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	layer	layer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	fruit	fruit	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	vegetable	vegetable	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

<!-- .note -->
The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"banana skin".

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:skin:m2e:1
# text = "banana skin".
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	banana	banana	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	skin	skin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A thin layer that forms on top of a liquid.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:skin:m3:1
# text = A thin layer that forms on top of a liquid.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	thin	thin	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	layer	layer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	5	nsubj	_	_
5	forms	form	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	acl:relcl	_	_
6	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	top	top	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	liquid	liquid	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **form** | present | a thin layer |  |  | top of a liquid |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on top=Location |

<!-- .note -->
The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"skin on hot milk".

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:skin:m3e:1
# text = "skin on hot milk".
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	skin	skin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	on	on	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	hot	hot	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	milk	milk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
As a verb, to scrape the skin off.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:skin:m4:1
# text = As a verb, to scrape the skin off.
1	As	as	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	verb	verb	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	scrape	scrape	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	skin	skin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
9	off	off	ADP	RP	_	6	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **scrape off** | to-infinitive |  | the skin |  |  |  | as a verb | vn cut-21.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent skin=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"I skinned my knee."

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:skin:m4e:1
# text = "I skinned my knee."
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	skinned	skin	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	knee	knee	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **skin** *in a quote* | past | I | my knee |  |  |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer knee=Patient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Your skin protects your body.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:skin:x1:1
# text = Your skin protects your body.
1	Your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	skin	skin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	protects	protect	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	body	body	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **protect** | present | Your skin | your body |  |  |  |  | vn defend-72.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent body=Beneficiary |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Put sunscreen on your skin.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:skin:x2:1
# text = Put sunscreen on your skin.
1	Put	put	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	sunscreen	sunscreen	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
3	on	on	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	skin	skin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **put** | imperative | you *not said here* | sunscreen |  | your skin |  |  | vn put-9.1-2 «NP V PP.destination NP»: agent=Agent sunscreen=Theme on skin=Destination |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I peeled the skin off the orange.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:skin:x3:1
# text = I peeled the skin off the orange.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	peeled	peel	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	skin	skin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	off	off	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	orange	orange	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **peel** | past | I | the skin |  |  |  | off the orange | vn pit-10.7 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent skin=Source |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She fell and skinned her knee.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:skin:x4:1
# text = She fell and skinned her knee.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	fell	fall	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
4	skinned	skin	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
5	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	knee	knee	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fall** | past | She |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **skin** | past | She *not said here* | her knee |  |  |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer knee=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Snakes shed their old skin.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:skin:x5:1
# text = Snakes shed their old skin.
1	Snakes	snake	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	shed	shed	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
4	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	skin	skin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **shed** | past | Snakes | Snakes's old skin |  |  |  |  | vn substance\_emission-43.4-1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location skin=Source |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Sweat on your skin helps you cool down.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:skin:x6:1
# text = Sweat on your skin helps you cool down.
1	Sweat	sweat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	on	on	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	skin	skin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	nmod	_	_
5	helps	help	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	5	obj	_	_
7	cool	cool	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	xcomp	_	_
8	down	down	ADP	RP	_	7	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **help** | present | Sweat on your skin | you |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent you=Beneficiary clause=Theme |
| 2 | **cool down** | infinitive | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
People have many different skin colours.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:skin:x7:1
# text = People have many different skin colours.
1	People	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
4	different	different	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
5	skin	skin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	colours	colour	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | People | many different skin colours |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent colour=Patient |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We caught the bus by the skin of our teeth.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:skin:x8:1
# text = We caught the bus by the skin of our teeth.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	caught	catch	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	bus	bus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	skin	skin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
10	teeth	tooth	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **catch** | past | We | the bus |  |  |  | by the skin of our teeth | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bus=Theme |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
THE ASS IN THE LION'S SKIN

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:skin:x9:1
# text = THE ASS IN THE LION'S SKIN
1	THE	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	ASS	ass	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	IN	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
4	THE	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	LION	lion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	'S	's	PART	POS	_	5	case	_	_
7	SKIN	skin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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