---
title: sleigh — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «sleigh» in the school dictionary: A large sledge pulled by horses, reindeer or dogs, for carrying people or goods over snow. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# sleigh

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** horses, Sleigh, joking Christmas spelling, reindeer, We, sleigh bells · **What happens:** pull, carry, ride, joke, be, slay · **To what, where:** large sledge, people, snow, Santa sleigh, sleigh, joking Christmas spelling · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«sleigh» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [sleigh in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/sleigh.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A large sledge pulled by horses, reindeer or dogs, for carrying people or goods over snow.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sleigh:m1:1
# text = A large sledge pulled by horses, reindeer or dogs, for carrying people or goods over snow.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	large	large	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	sledge	sledge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	pulled	pull	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	horses	horse	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	reindeer	reindeer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	dogs	dog	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
12	for	for	SCONJ	IN	_	13	mark	_	_
13	carrying	carry	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	4	advcl	_	_
14	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	obj	_	_
15	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
16	goods	goods	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	14	conj	_	_
17	over	over	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
18	snow	snow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **pull** | participle · passive | horses and reindeer or dogs | a large sledge |  |  |  |  | vn push-12-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Theme |
| 2 | **carry** | gerund | horses and reindeer or dogs *not said here* | people or goods |  | snow |  |  | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent people=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Father Christmas's or Santa Claus's sleigh, pulled by reindeer in Christmas stories.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sleigh:m2:1
# text = Father Christmas's or Santa Claus's sleigh, pulled by reindeer in Christmas stories.
1	Father	Father	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	flat	_	_
2	Christmas	Christmas	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	's	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	Santa	Santa	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
6	Claus	Claus	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	's	's	PART	POS	_	5	case	_	_
8	sleigh	sleigh	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
10	pulled	pull	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	acl	_	_
11	by	by	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	reindeer	reindeer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	_
13	in	in	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	Christmas	Christmas	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	15	compound	_	_
15	stories	story	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obl:agent	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **pull** | participle |  | Father Christmas's Santa sleigh *not said here* |  |  |  | by reindeer | vn slide-11.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: verb — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To ride in a sleigh.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sleigh:m3:1
# text = To ride in a sleigh.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	ride	ride	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	sleigh	sleigh	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **ride** | to-infinitive |  |  |  | a sleigh |  |  | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2 «NP.agent V»: agent=Agent |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: slang — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«Sleigh» is a joking Christmas spelling of slang «slay», meaning to do something brilliantly.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sleigh:m4:1
# text = «Sleigh» is a joking Christmas spelling of slang «slay», meaning to do something brilliantly.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Sleigh	Sleigh	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
6	joking	joke	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	8	amod	_	_
7	Christmas	Christmas	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	spelling	spelling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	slang	slang	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	_
11	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	slay	slay	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	10	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
15	meaning	mean	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	8	acl	_	_
16	to	to	PART	TO	_	17	mark	_	_
17	do	do	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	15	xcomp	_	_
18	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	17	obj	_	_
19	brilliantly	brilliantly	ADV	RB	_	17	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **joke** *speech: other* | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn chit\_chat-37.6 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is a** | present | Sleigh | a joking Christmas spelling |  |  |  | of slang | tree rules |
| 3 | **slay** *in a quote* | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn murder-42.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **mean** | gerund | a joking Christmas spelling *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 5 | **do** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | a joking Christmas spelling *not said here* | something |  |  |  | brilliantly *property* | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Eventuality |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Santa's sleigh is pulled by reindeer.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sleigh:x1:1
# text = Santa's sleigh is pulled by reindeer.
1	Santa	Santa	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	's	's	PART	POS	_	1	case	_	_
3	sleigh	sleigh	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	pulled	pull	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	by	by	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	reindeer	reindeer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **pull** | present · passive | reindeer | Santa's sleigh |  |  |  |  | vn push-12-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We rode in a horse-drawn sleigh in Lapland.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sleigh:x2:1
# text = We rode in a horse-drawn sleigh in Lapland.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	rode	ride	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
5	horse	horse	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	drawn	draw	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	amod	_	_
8	sleigh	sleigh	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	Lapland	Lapland	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **ride** | past | We |  |  | a drawn sleigh in Lapland |  |  | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2 «NP.agent V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **draw** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"Dashing through the snow, in a one-horse open sleigh…"

<!-- fold The tree, 10 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sleigh:x3:1
# text = "Dashing through the snow, in a one-horse open sleigh…"
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Dashing	dash	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
3	through	through	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	snow	snow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
9	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	11	nummod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	horse	horse	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	compound	_	_
12	open	open	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	sleigh	sleigh	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	…	.	PUNCT	.	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	13	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **dash** *in a quote* | gerund |  | a horse open sleigh |  | the snow |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V NP PP.trajectory»: agent=Agent sleigh=Theme through snow=Trajectory |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The sleigh bells jingled in the cold air.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sleigh:x4:1
# text = The sleigh bells jingled in the cold air.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	sleigh	sleigh	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	bells	bell	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
4	jingled	jingle	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	cold	cold	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **jingle** | past | the sleigh bells |  |  | the cold air |  |  | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in air=Location |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
They loaded wood onto the sleigh.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sleigh:x5:1
# text = They loaded wood onto the sleigh.
1	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	loaded	load	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	wood	wood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	onto	onto	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	sleigh	sleigh	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **load** | past | They | wood |  | the sleigh |  |  | vn spray-9.7-2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent wood=Theme onto sleigh=Destination |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
(slang, Christmas joke) "Your jumper looks great — you sleigh!"

<!-- fold The tree, 9 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sleigh:x6:1
# text = (slang, Christmas joke) "Your jumper looks great — you sleigh!"
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	slang	slang	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
4	Christmas	Christmas	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	joke	joke	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
7	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	Your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	jumper	jumper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
10	looks	look	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
11	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	xcomp	_	_
12	—	-	PUNCT	:	_	14	punct	_	_
13	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	14	nsubj	_	_
14	sleigh	sleigh	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	14	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **look** *in a quote* | present | Your jumper | slang and Christmas joke |  |  |  | great *property* | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus |
| 2 | **sleigh** *in a quote* | present | you |  |  |  |  |  | vn vehicle-51.4.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Then they went to the Lapland woman, who gave them new clothes and mended their sleigh.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sleigh:x7:1
# text = Then they went to the Lapland woman, who gave them new clothes and mended their sleigh.
1	Then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	3	advmod	_	_
2	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	went	go	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	Lapland	Lapland	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	woman	woman	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
9	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	10	nsubj	_	_
10	gave	give	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	acl:relcl	_	_
11	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	iobj	_	_
12	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	clothes	clothes	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	10	obj	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	mended	mend	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
16	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	17	nmod:poss	_	_
17	sleigh	sleigh	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **go** | past | they |  |  |  | then | to the Lapland woman | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme to woman=Initial\_Location |
| 2 | **give** | past | the Lapland woman | new clothes | them *= they* |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent they=Recipient clothes=Theme |
| 3 | **mend** | past | they *not said here* | clothes's sleigh |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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