---
title: smog — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «smog» in the school dictionary: Dirty, smoky, foggy air over a city, caused by pollution from cars, factories and fires, often mixed with fog. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# smog

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** children, Smog, London, terrible smog, We, Cleaner cars · **What happens:** cause, mix, cover, stay, come, have · **To what, where:** cars, city, car fumes, terrible smog, mountains, smog

<!-- .vabout -->
«smog» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [smog in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/smog.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Dirty, smoky, foggy air over a city, caused by pollution from cars, factories and fires, often mixed with fog.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:smog:m1:1
# text = Dirty, smoky, foggy air over a city, caused by pollution from cars, factories and fires, often mixed with fog.
1	Dirty	dirty	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
3	smoky	smoky	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	foggy	foggy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	over	over	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	city	city	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
11	caused	cause	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	conj	_	_
12	by	by	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	pollution	pollution	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	_
14	from	from	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	cars	car	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
17	factories	factory	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	conj	_	_
18	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
19	fires	fire	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
21	often	often	ADV	RB	_	22	advmod	_	_
22	mixed	mix	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	15	acl	_	_
23	with	with	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
24	fog	fog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cause** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | by pollution from cars and factories and fires | vn result-27.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Precondition |
| 2 | **mix** | participle |  | cars and factories and fires *not said here* |  |  |  | with fog; often *property* | vn mix-22.1-1-1 «NP V PP.co-patient»: agent=Patient with fog=Co-Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The city was covered in thick brown smog.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:smog:x1:1
# text = The city was covered in thick brown smog.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	city	city	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	covered	cover	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	thick	thick	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
7	brown	brown	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	smog	smog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cover** | past · passive |  | the city |  |  |  | in thick brown smog | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: subject=Destination in smog=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
On smog days, children with asthma should stay inside.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:smog:x2:1
# text = On smog days, children with asthma should stay inside.
1	On	on	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	smog	smog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	days	day	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	children	child	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nsubj	_	_
6	with	with	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	asthma	asthma	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
8	should	should	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	_
9	stay	stay	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
10	inside	inside	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stay** | should | children with asthma |  |  |  | day | inside *property* | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Smog comes from car fumes and factory smoke.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:smog:x3:1
# text = Smog comes from car fumes and factory smoke.
1	Smog	smog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	comes	come	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	from	from	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	car	car	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	fumes	fume	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
7	factory	factory	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	smoke	smoke	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | present | Smog |  |  | car fumes and factory smoke |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from fume=Initial\_Location |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
London once had a terrible smog that lasted for days.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:smog:x4:1
# text = London once had a terrible smog that lasted for days.
1	London	London	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	once	once	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Mult	3	advmod	_	_
3	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	terrible	terrible	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	smog	smog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
8	lasted	last	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	acl:relcl	_	_
9	for	for	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	days	day	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | London | a terrible smog |  |  |  | once *property* | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent smog=Patient |
| 2 | **last** | past | a terrible smog |  |  |  | day |  | vn cost-54.2 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We couldn't see the mountains through the smog.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:smog:x5:1
# text = We couldn't see the mountains through the smog.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
2	could	could	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	4	advmod	_	_
4	see	see	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	mountains	mountain	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
7	through	through	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	smog	smog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **see** | could | We | the mountains |  | the smog |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer mountain=Stimulus |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Cleaner cars help reduce smog.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:smog:x6:1
# text = Cleaner cars help reduce smog.
1	Cleaner	cleaner	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	cars	car	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	help	help	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	reduce	reduce	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
5	smog	smog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **help** | present | Cleaner cars |  |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 2 | **reduce** | infinitive | Cleaner cars *not said here* | smog |  |  |  |  | vn limit-76 «NP V NP»: agent=Causer smog=Patient |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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