---
title: smudge — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «smudge» in the school dictionary: A dirty or blurred mark, like a smear of ink, paint or chocolate. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# smudge

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** writing, My, smudge, you, ink, left hand · **What happens:** blur, smear, make, rub, become, blend · **To what, where:** ink, something, it, chalk, purpose, soft shading

<!-- .vabout -->
«smudge» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [smudge in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/smudge.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: noun — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A dirty or blurred mark, like a smear of ink, paint or chocolate.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:smudge:m1:1
# text = A dirty or blurred mark, like a smear of ink, paint or chocolate.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
2	dirty	dirty	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
3	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
4	blurred	blur	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	amod	_	_
5	mark	mark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
7	like	like	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	smear	smear	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	ink	ink	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
13	paint	paint	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	_
14	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	chocolate	chocolate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **blur** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **smear** |  |  | ink |  |  |  |  | nom smear «communication transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: verb — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To make something blurred or messy by rubbing it, or to become blurred.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:smudge:m2:1
# text = To make something blurred or messy by rubbing it, or to become blurred.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	make	make	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	obj	_	_
4	blurred	blur	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	acl	_	_
5	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	messy	messy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	conj	_	_
7	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
8	rubbing	rub	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	6	advcl	_	_
9	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
11	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
12	to	to	PART	TO	_	13	mark	_	_
13	become	become	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
14	blurred	blur	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	13	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | to-infinitive |  | something |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset something=Product |
| 2 | **blur** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 3 | **rub** | gerund |  | it |  |  |  |  | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent it=Theme |
| 4 | **become** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 5 | **blur** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"My writing smudged."

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:smudge:m2e:1
# text = "My writing smudged."
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
3	writing	writing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	smudged	smudge	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **smudge** *in a quote* | past | My writing |  |  |  |  |  | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V PP.destination»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **write** *in a quote* |  | My |  |  |  |  |  | nom writing «act transitive»: poss=agent |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: art — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To blend chalk, charcoal or pastel on purpose with your finger to make soft shading.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:smudge:m3:1
# text = To blend chalk, charcoal or pastel on purpose with your finger to make soft shading.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	blend	blend	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	chalk	chalk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	charcoal	charcoal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	pastel	pastel	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
8	on	on	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	purpose	purpose	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
10	with	with	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	12	nmod:poss	_	_
12	finger	finger	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
13	to	to	PART	TO	_	14	mark	_	_
14	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
15	soft	soft	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	shading	shading	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **blend** | to-infinitive |  | chalk and charcoal or pastel |  | purpose |  | with your finger | vn mix-22.1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.co-patient»: agent=Agent chalk=Patient with finger=Co-Patient |
| 2 | **make** | to-infinitive |  | soft shading |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset shading=Product |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
There's a smudge of chocolate on your cheek.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:smudge:x1:1
# text = There's a smudge of chocolate on your cheek.
1	There	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	2	expl	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	's	be	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	smudge	smudge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	chocolate	chocolate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
7	on	on	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	cheek	cheek	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **be** | present | a smudge of chocolate on your cheek |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Let the ink dry or it will smudge.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:smudge:x2:1
# text = Let the ink dry or it will smudge.
1	Let	let	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	ink	ink	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	dry	dry	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	xcomp	_	_
5	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
6	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
7	will	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
8	smudge	smudge	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **let** | imperative | you *not said here* | the ink |  |  |  | dry *property* | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ink=Theme |
| 2 | **smudge** | future | ink |  |  |  |  |  | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V PP.destination»: agent=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My left hand smudged my handwriting.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:smudge:x3:1
# text = My left hand smudged my handwriting.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
2	left	left	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	hand	hand	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	smudged	smudge	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	handwriting	handwriting	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **smudge** | past | My left hand | my handwriting |  |  |  |  | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent handwriting=Theme |
| 2 | **handwrite** |  | my |  |  |  |  |  | nom handwriting «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Smudge the chalk with your finger to make a soft sky.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:smudge:x4:1
# text = Smudge the chalk with your finger to make a soft sky.
1	Smudge	smudge	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	chalk	chalk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	with	with	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	finger	finger	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	advcl	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	soft	soft	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	sky	sky	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **smudge** | imperative | you *not said here* | the chalk |  |  |  | with your finger | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP.destination PP.theme»: agent=Agent chalk=Destination with finger=Theme |
| 2 | **make** | to-infinitive | you *not said here* | a soft sky |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset sky=Product |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The window had smudges from little fingers.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:smudge:x5:1
# text = The window had smudges from little fingers.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	window	window	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	smudges	smudge	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
5	from	from	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	fingers	finger	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | the window | smudges |  | little fingers |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent smudge=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Her mascara smudged when she cried.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:smudge:x6:1
# text = Her mascara smudged when she cried.
1	Her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	mascara	mascara	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	smudged	smudge	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	6	advmod	_	_
5	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
6	cried	cry	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **smudge** | past | Her mascara |  |  |  |  |  | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V PP.destination»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **cry** *speech: express* | past | mascara |  |  |  |  |  | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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