---
title: smuggle — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «smuggle» in the school dictionary: To take goods or people secretly and illegally into or out of a country, avoiding laws or taxes. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

<!-- md -->
[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/S/smuggle/)

<!-- crumbs -->
[home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [dictionaries](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/) / [school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/) / [S](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/S/) / smuggle

# smuggle

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Smugglers, It, He, They, Customs officers, man · **What happens:** take, avoid, not allow, sneak, use, hide · **To what, where:** goods, country, laws, something, place, sweets

<!-- .vabout -->
«smuggle» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [smuggle in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/smuggle.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To take goods or people secretly and illegally into or out of a country, avoiding laws or taxes.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:smuggle:m1:1
# text = To take goods or people secretly and illegally into or out of a country, avoiding laws or taxes.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	take	take	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	goods	goods	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	2	obj	_	_
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	conj	_	_
6	secretly	secretly	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	illegally	illegally	ADV	RB	_	6	conj	_	_
9	into	into	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
10	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
11	out	out	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	country	country	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
16	avoiding	avoid	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	advcl	_	_
17	laws	law	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	obj	_	_
18	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
19	taxes	tax	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **take** | to-infinitive |  | goods or people |  | a country |  | secretly *property* | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent goods=Theme into country=Destination |
| 2 | **avoid** | gerund |  | laws or taxes |  |  |  |  | vn avoid-52 «NP V NP.location»: agent=Agent law=Location |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: informal — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To take something secretly into or out of a place where it is not allowed: sneaking sweets into a cinema.

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:smuggle:m2:1
# text = To take something secretly into or out of a place where it is not allowed: sneaking sweets into a cinema.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	take	take	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	obj	_	_
4	secretly	secretly	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
5	into	into	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
7	out	out	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	place	place	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
11	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	15	advmod	_	_
12	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	15	nsubj:pass	_	_
13	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	aux:pass	_	_
14	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	15	advmod	_	_
15	allowed	allow	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	17	punct	_	_
17	sneaking	sneak	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	advcl	_	_
18	sweets	sweet	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	obj	_	_
19	into	into	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	cinema	cinema	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **take** | to-infinitive |  | something |  | a place |  | secretly *property* | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent something=Theme into place=Destination |
| 2 | **not** **allow** | present · passive |  | place |  |  |  |  | vn allow-64.1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Beneficiary |
| 3 | **sneak** | gerund |  | sweets |  | a cinema |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V NP PP.trajectory»: agent=Agent sweet=Theme into cinema=Trajectory |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Smugglers used caves to hide barrels of brandy.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:smuggle:x1:1
# text = Smugglers used caves to hide barrels of brandy.
1	Smugglers	smuggler	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	used	use	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	caves	cave	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	hide	hide	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
6	barrels	barrel	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	brandy	brandy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | past | Smugglers | caves |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cave=Patient |
| 2 | **hide** | to-infinitive | Smugglers *not said here* | barrels of brandy |  |  |  |  | vn concealment-16-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent barrel=Patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is a crime to smuggle animals across borders.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:smuggle:x2:1
# text = It is a crime to smuggle animals across borders.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	crime	crime	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	smuggle	smuggle	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	acl	_	_
7	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	_
8	across	across	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	borders	border	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | It | a crime |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **smuggle** | to-infinitive |  | animals |  | borders |  |  | vn send-11.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent animal=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He smuggled a torch into bed to read his book.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:smuggle:x3:1
# text = He smuggled a torch into bed to read his book.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	smuggled	smuggle	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	torch	torch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	into	into	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	bed	bed	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	read	read	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
9	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
10	book	book	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **smuggle** | past | He | a torch |  | bed |  |  | vn send-11.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent torch=Theme |
| 2 | **read** | to-infinitive | He *not said here* | his book |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent book=Topic |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
They tried to smuggle the puppy into the house.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:smuggle:x4:1
# text = They tried to smuggle the puppy into the house.
1	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	tried	try	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	to	to	PART	TO	_	4	mark	_	_
4	smuggle	smuggle	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	xcomp	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	puppy	puppy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	into	into	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	house	house	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **try** | past | They |  |  |  |  |  | vn try-61.1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 2 | **smuggle** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | They *not said here* | the puppy |  | the house |  |  | vn send-11.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent puppy=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Customs officers caught a man smuggling fake watches.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:smuggle:x5:1
# text = Customs officers caught a man smuggling fake watches.
1	Customs	custom	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	compound	_	_
2	officers	officer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	caught	catch	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	man	man	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	smuggling	smuggle	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	acl	_	_
7	fake	fake	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	watches	watch	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **catch** | past | Customs officers | a man |  |  |  |  | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent man=Theme |
| 2 | **smuggle** | gerund | a man *not said here* | fake watches |  |  |  |  | vn send-11.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent watch=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We smuggled a cake into the classroom for the teacher's surprise party.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:smuggle:x6:1
# text = We smuggled a cake into the classroom for the teacher's surprise party.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	smuggled	smuggle	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	cake	cake	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	into	into	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	classroom	classroom	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
8	for	for	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	teacher	teacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	's	's	PART	POS	_	10	case	_	_
12	surprise	surprise	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	compound	_	_
13	party	party	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **smuggle** | past | We | a cake |  | the classroom |  | for the teacher's surprise party | vn steal-10.5-1 «NP V NP PP.beneficiary»: agent=Agent cake=Theme for party=Beneficiary |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
- ← previous: [smug](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/S/smug/)
- next →: [smuggled](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/S/smuggled/)
- ↑ back to [S in school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/S/)