---
title: so — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «so» in the school dictionary: So means and that is why. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# so

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** that, I, Exams, It, we, you · **What happens:** mean, be, give, start, sum up, move on · **To what, where:** purpose, sentence, that, rude challenge, I., 8 marbles · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«so» in the school dictionary: its 9 meanings for a pupil and its 13 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [so in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/so.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
So means and that is why.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:so:m1:1
# text = So means and that is why.
1	So	so	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
4	that	that	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	6	nsubj	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
6	why	why	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | present | that |  |  |  |  | why *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- .note -->
The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It rained, so we stayed in.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:so:m1e:1
# text = It rained, so we stayed in.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	rained	rain	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
4	so	so	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
5	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
6	stayed	stay	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
7	in	in	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **rain** | past | It |  |  |  |  |  | vn weather-57 «It V PP.theme» |
| 2 | **stay in** | past | we |  |  |  |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
So means very, very much.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:so:m2:1
# text = So means very, very much.
1	So	so	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	very	very	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
5	very	very	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	much	much	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I'm so happy!

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:so:m2e:1
# text = I'm so happy!
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	'm	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	so	so	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	happy	happy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | I |  |  |  |  | happy *property* | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
So means in this way, also.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:so:m3:1
# text = So means in this way, also.
1	So	so	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	5	det	_	_
5	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
7	also	also	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  | in this way | vn representation-110.1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Pivot in way=Attribute |

<!-- .note -->
The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I think so. So do I.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* I think so.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:so:m3e:1
# text = I think so.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	think	think	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	so	so	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **think** *speech: other* | present | I |  |  |  |  |  | vn focus-87.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* So do I.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:so:m3e:2
# text = So do I.
1	So	so	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
2	do	do	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	I.	I.	X	FW	Foreign=Yes	2	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **do** | imperative | you *not said here* | I. |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent i.=Eventuality |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«So that» gives a purpose.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:so:m4:1
# text = «So that» gives a purpose.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	So	so	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
3	that	that	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	5	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	_
5	gives	give	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	purpose	purpose	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | present | that | a purpose |  |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent purpose=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Speak up so that we can hear.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:so:m4e:1
# text = Speak up so that we can hear.
1	Speak	speak	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	up	up	ADP	RP	_	1	compound:prt	_	_
3	so	so	SCONJ	IN	ExtPos=SCONJ	7	mark	_	_
4	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	3	fixed	_	_
5	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
6	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
7	hear	hear	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **speak up** *speech: other* | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn lecture-37.11-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **hear** | can | we |  |  |  |  |  | vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V PP.stimulus»: agent=Experiencer |

## Meaning 5 {#m5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
So can start a sentence to sum up or move on.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:so:m5:1
# text = So can start a sentence to sum up or move on.
1	So	so	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
2	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	start	start	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	sentence	sentence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	sum	sum	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
8	up	up	ADP	RP	_	7	compound:prt	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	move	move	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	conj	_	_
11	on	on	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **start** | can |  | a sentence |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **sum up** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **move on** | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
So, what did you learn?

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:so:m5e:1
# text = So, what did you learn?
1	So	so	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
3	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	6	obj	_	_
4	did	do	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
5	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
6	learn	learn	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **learn** | past · do-support | you |  |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent what=Topic |

## Meaning 6 {#m6}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: casual — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«So» can mean «really, totally»: «That's so not fair», «I so want that».

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:so:m6:1
# text = «So» can mean «really, totally»: «That's so not fair», «I so want that».
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	So	so	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
4	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
5	mean	mean	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
6	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	really	really	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
9	totally	totally	ADV	RB	_	5	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	17	punct	_	_
12	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	That	that	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	17	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	's	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	17	cop	_	_
15	so	so	ADV	RB	_	17	advmod	_	_
16	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	17	advmod	_	_
17	fair	fair	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
20	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	23	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	23	nsubj	_	_
22	so	so	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	23	aux	_	_
23	want	want	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	parataxis	_	_
24	that	that	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	23	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	23	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | can |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **not** **is** *in a quote* | present | That |  |  |  |  | fair *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **want** *in a quote* |  | I | that |  |  |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot that=Theme |

## Meaning 7 {#m7}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: rude — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«So what?» means «I don't care»; «so?» alone can be a rude challenge.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:so:m7:1
# text = «So what?» means «I don't care»; «so?» alone can be a rude challenge.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	So	so	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
3	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	6	punct	_	_
6	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	acl:relcl	_	_
7	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
9	do	do	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	11	advmod	_	_
11	care	care	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
14	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	so	so	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	_
18	alone	alone	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
19	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	23	aux	_	_
20	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	23	cop	_	_
21	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
22	rude	rude	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	amod	_	_
23	challenge	challenge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **not** **care** *in a quote* | present · do-support | I |  |  |  |  |  | vn care-88.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 3 | **is a** | can |  | a rude challenge |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Meaning 8 {#m8}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: casual — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«or so» means about: «20 or so kids».

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:so:m8:1
# text = «or so» means about: «20 or so kids».
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	so	so	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	_
5	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	about	about	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	12	punct	_	_
8	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	20	20	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	12	nummod	_	_
10	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	so	so	ADV	RB	_	9	conj	_	_
12	kids	kid	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  | about *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |

## Meaning 9 {#m9}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: formal — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Exams use «therefore», «hence», «thus», «consequently» or «accordingly» for «so».

<!-- fold The tree, 10 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:so:m9:1
# text = Exams use «therefore», «hence», «thus», «consequently» or «accordingly» for «so».
1	Exams	exam	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	use	use	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	therefore	therefore	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
7	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	hence	hence	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
11	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	thus	thus	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
15	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	16	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	consequently	consequently	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	16	punct	_	_
18	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
19	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	20	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	accordingly	accordingly	ADV	RB	_	16	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	20	punct	_	_
22	for	for	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
23	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	24	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	so	so	ADV	RB	_	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	24	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | present | Exams |  |  |  |  | consequently, hence, therefore, thus *property* | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Sam had 8 marbles and lost 3, so he has 8 − 3 = 5.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:so:x1:1
# text = Sam had 8 marbles and lost 3, so he has 8 − 3 = 5.
1	Sam	Sam	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	8	8	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	4	nummod	_	_
4	marbles	marble	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	lost	lose	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
7	3	3	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
9	so	so	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
10	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
11	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
12	8	8	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	11	obj	_	_
13	−	−	SYM	SYM	_	14	case	_	_
14	3	3	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	12	nmod	_	_
15	=	=	SYM	SYM	_	16	case	_	_
16	5	5	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	12	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | Sam | 8 marbles |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent marble=Patient |
| 2 | **lose** | past | Sam *not said here* | 3 |  |  |  |  | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent 3=Eventuality |
| 3 | **have** | present | Sam | 8 |  |  |  | − 3; = 5 | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent 8=Patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It rained, so Max stayed home.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:so:x2:1
# text = It rained, so Max stayed home.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	rained	rain	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
4	so	so	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
5	Max	Max	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
6	stayed	stay	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
7	home	home	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **rain** | past | It |  |  |  |  |  | vn weather-57 «It V PP.theme» |
| 2 | **stay** | past | Max |  |  |  |  | home *property* | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
3 × 4 = 12, so 12 ÷ 4 = 3.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:so:x3:1
# text = 3 × 4 = 12, so 12 ÷ 4 = 3.
1	3	3	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	2	nummod	_	_
2	×	×	SYM	SYM	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	4	4	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	2	flat	_	_
4	=	=	SYM	SYM	_	5	case	_	_
5	12	12	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
7	so	so	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	12	12	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	2	appos	_	_
9	÷	÷	SYM	SYM	_	10	case	_	_
10	4	4	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	8	nmod	_	_
11	=	=	SYM	SYM	_	12	case	_	_
12	3	3	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Wear a hat so that you don't get sunburnt.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:so:x4:1
# text = Wear a hat so that you don't get sunburnt.
1	Wear	wear	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	hat	hat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	so	so	SCONJ	IN	ExtPos=SCONJ	9	mark	_	_
5	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	4	fixed	_	_
6	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
7	do	do	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	9	advmod	_	_
9	get	get	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	advcl	_	_
10	sunburnt	sunburnt	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **wear** | imperative | you *not said here* | a hat |  |  |  |  | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent hat=Theme |
| 2 | **not** **get** | present · do-support | you |  |  |  |  | sunburnt *property* | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«Is it time to go?» «I think so.»

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* «Is it time to go?»

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:so:x5:1
# text = «Is it time to go?»
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
4	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	go	go	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** *in a quote* | present | it | time |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **go** *in a quote* | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* «I think so.»

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:so:x5:2
# text = «I think so.»
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	think	think	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	so	so	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **think** *speech: other* *in a quote* | present | I |  |  |  |  |  | vn focus-87.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
So far we have read 20 pages.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:so:x6:1
# text = So far we have read 20 pages.
1	So	so	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
2	far	far	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	5	advmod	_	_
3	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
4	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
5	read	read	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
6	20	20	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	7	nummod	_	_
7	pages	page	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **read** | present · perfect | we | 20 pages |  |  |  | far *property* | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent page=Topic |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
So, who wants to go first?

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:so:x7:1
# text = So, who wants to go first?
1	So	so	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
3	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	4	nsubj	_	_
4	wants	want	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	go	go	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	xcomp	_	_
7	first	first	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	6	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **want** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Pivot clause=Theme |
| 2 | **go** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | first *property* | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
So like, there were 20 or so kids at the party.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:so:x8:1
# text = So like, there were 20 or so kids at the party.
1	So	so	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
2	like	like	INTJ	UH	_	5	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	there	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	5	expl	_	_
5	were	be	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	20	20	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	9	nummod	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	so	so	ADV	RB	_	6	conj	_	_
9	kids	kid	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
10	at	at	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	party	party	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **be** | past | 20 kids at the party |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
That's so not fair, he got 5 and I got 2!

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:so:x9:1
# text = That's so not fair, he got 5 and I got 2!
1	That	that	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	5	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	's	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	so	so	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
4	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	5	advmod	_	_
5	fair	fair	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
7	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
8	got	get	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	parataxis	_	_
9	5	5	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	8	obj	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
11	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	12	nsubj	_	_
12	got	get	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	conj	_	_
13	2	2	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	12	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **is** | present | That |  |  |  |  | fair *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **get** | past | he | 5 |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer 5=Stimulus |
| 3 | **get** | past | I | 2 |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer 2=Stimulus |

## Example 10 {#x10}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
So what? I only took 3, there's heaps left.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* So what?

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:so:x10:1
# text = So what?
1	So	so	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
2	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* I only took 3, there's heaps left.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:so:x10:2
# text = I only took 3, there's heaps left.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	only	only	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
3	took	take	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	3	3	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
6	there	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	7	expl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	's	be	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	parataxis	_	_
8	heaps	heap	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
9	left	leave	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **take** | past | I | 3 |  |  |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent 3=Theme |
| 2 | **does** | present | heaps |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **leave** | participle |  | heaps *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 11 {#x11}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is given that 12 items remain; hence the number removed is 8.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:so:x11:1
# text = It is given that 12 items remain; hence the number removed is 8.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	given	give	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
5	12	12	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
6	items	item	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
7	remain	remain	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
9	hence	hence	ADV	RB	_	14	advmod	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	number	number	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nsubj	_	_
12	removed	remove	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	11	acl	_	_
13	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	cop	_	_
14	8	8	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | present · passive |  | It |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **remain** | present | 12 items |  |  |  |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **remove** | participle |  | the number *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn fire-10.10 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **is a** | present | the number | 8 |  |  |  | hence *property* | tree rules |

## Example 12 {#x12}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Speak clearly so as to be heard at the back.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:so:x12:1
# text = Speak clearly so as to be heard at the back.
1	Speak	speak	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	clearly	clearly	ADV	RB	_	1	advmod	_	_
3	so	so	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
4	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
6	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	aux:pass	_	_
7	heard	hear	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	1	advcl	_	_
8	at	at	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	back	back	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **speak** *speech: other* | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  | clearly *property* | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **hear** | to-infinitive · passive | you *not said here* |  |  | the back |  |  | vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V PP.stimulus» |

## Example 13 {#x13}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"Don't be so impatient," said Snow-White.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:so:x13:1
# text = "Don't be so impatient," said Snow-White.
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Do	do	AUX	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	6	advmod	_	_
4	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	cop	_	_
5	so	so	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	impatient	impatient	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	6	punct	_	_
9	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
10	Snow	Snow	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	White	White	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **is** *in a quote* | infinitive · do-support |  |  |  |  |  | impatient *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | past |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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