---
title: sortie — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «sortie» in the school dictionary: A sortie is a sudden attack made by soldiers rushing out from a place that is surrounded by enemies. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# sortie

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** sortie, soldiers, enemies, defenders, Spitfire pilots, Mum · **What happens:** be, make, rush out, surround, mean, fly · **To what, where:** sudden attack, place, one flight, short trip, sortie, castle

<!-- .vabout -->
«sortie» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [sortie in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/sortie.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A sortie is a sudden attack made by soldiers rushing out from a place that is surrounded by enemies.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sortie:m1:1
# text = A sortie is a sudden attack made by soldiers rushing out from a place that is surrounded by enemies.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	sortie	sortie	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	sudden	sudden	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	attack	attack	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	acl	_	_
8	by	by	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	soldiers	soldier	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	_
10	rushing	rush	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	9	acl	_	_
11	out	out	ADP	RP	_	10	compound:prt	_	_
12	from	from	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	place	place	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	_
15	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	17	nsubj:pass	_	_
16	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	17	aux:pass	_	_
17	surrounded	surround	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	14	acl:relcl	_	_
18	by	by	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	enemies	enemy	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	obl:agent	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a sortie | a sudden attack |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **make** | participle |  | a sudden attack *not said here* |  |  |  | by soldiers | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |
| 3 | **rush out** | gerund | soldiers *not said here* |  |  | a place |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme from place=Trajectory |
| 4 | **surround** | present · passive | enemies | a place |  |  |  |  | vn contiguous\_location-47.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme subject=Co-Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A sortie is also one flight by a military aircraft on a mission.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sortie:m2:1
# text = A sortie is also one flight by a military aircraft on a mission.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	sortie	sortie	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	also	also	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
5	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
6	flight	flight	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	by	by	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	military	military	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	aircraft	aircraft	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
11	on	on	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	mission	mission	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a sortie | one flight |  |  |  | by a military aircraft on a mission | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: informal, humorous — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A sortie can mean a short trip out somewhere, like a sortie to the shops.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sortie:m3:1
# text = A sortie can mean a short trip out somewhere, like a sortie to the shops.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	sortie	sortie	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	mean	mean	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	short	short	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	trip	trip	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
8	out	out	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
9	somewhere	somewhere	ADV	RB	PronType=Ind	4	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
11	like	like	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	sortie	sortie	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	parataxis	_	_
14	to	to	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	shops	shop	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | can | a sortie | a short trip |  |  |  | somewhere *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent trip=Topic |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The defenders made a sortie from the castle at night.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sortie:x1:1
# text = The defenders made a sortie from the castle at night.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	defenders	defender	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	sortie	sortie	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	from	from	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	castle	castle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
9	at	at	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	night	night	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past | the defenders | a sortie |  | the castle | night |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V PP»: agent=Asset sortie=Product from castle=Material |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Spitfire pilots flew three sorties that day.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sortie:x2:1
# text = The Spitfire pilots flew three sorties that day.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	Spitfire	Spitfire	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	pilots	pilot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
4	flew	fly	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	three	three	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
6	sorties	sortie	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
7	that	that	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	8	det	_	_
8	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fly** | past | the Spitfire pilots | three sorties |  |  | day |  | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location sortie=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Each sortie lasted about an hour.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sortie:x3:1
# text = Each sortie lasted about an hour.
1	Each	each	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	2	det	_	_
2	sortie	sortie	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	lasted	last	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	about	about	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
5	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	hour	hour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **last** | past | each sortie |  |  |  | hour |  | vn cost-54.2 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Mum made a quick sortie to the corner shop for milk.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sortie:x4:1
# text = Mum made a quick sortie to the corner shop for milk.
1	Mum	mum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	quick	quick	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	sortie	sortie	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	to	to	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	corner	corner	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	shop	shop	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
10	for	for	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	milk	milk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past | Mum | a quick sortie |  |  |  | to the corner shop; for milk | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP P.asset»: agent=Agent sortie=Product for milk=Asset |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The knights' sortie surprised the enemy camp.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sortie:x5:1
# text = The knights' sortie surprised the enemy camp.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	knights	knight	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	'	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	sortie	sortie	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	surprised	surprise	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	enemy	enemy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	camp	camp	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **surprise** | past | the knights's sortie | the enemy camp |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus camp=Experiencer |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
(French) In France, "Sortie" on a sign means "Exit".

<!-- fold The tree, 9 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sortie:x6:1
# text = (French) In France, "Sortie" on a sign means "Exit".
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	French	French	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
4	In	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	France	France	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
7	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	Sortie	sortie	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	8	punct	_	_
10	on	on	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	sign	sign	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	_
13	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
14	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	Exit	exit	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	13	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Sortie on a sign | French in France |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent exit=Topic |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The plane returned safely from its sortie.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sortie:x7:1
# text = The plane returned safely from its sortie.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	plane	plane	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	returned	return	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	safely	safely	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
5	from	from	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	sortie	sortie	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **return** | past | the plane |  |  | plane's sortie |  | safely *property* | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from sortie=Initial\_Location |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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