---
title: specialisation — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «specialisation» in the school dictionary: Focusing on one particular subject, skill or job and becoming an expert in it. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# specialisation

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** someone, specialisation, Her, Red blood cells, cells, you · **What happens:** focus, become, focus on, adapt, be, specialise · **To what, where:** expert, area, way, medicine, specialisation, oxygen

<!-- .vabout -->
«specialisation» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [specialisation in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/specialisation.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Focusing on one particular subject, skill or job and becoming an expert in it.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:specialisation:m1:1
# text = Focusing on one particular subject, skill or job and becoming an expert in it.
1	Focusing	focus	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
2	on	on	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	5	nummod	_	_
4	particular	particular	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	subject	subject	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
7	skill	skill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
8	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	job	job	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	becoming	become	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	1	conj	_	_
12	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	expert	expert	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	xcomp	_	_
14	in	in	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **focus** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | on one particular subject and skill or job | vn focus-87.1 «NP V PP.topic»: agent=Agent on subject=Topic |
| 2 | **become** | gerund |  | a expert |  | expert |  |  | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient in it=Result |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The particular subject or area someone focuses on.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:specialisation:m2:1
# text = The particular subject or area someone focuses on.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	particular	particular	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	subject	subject	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	area	area	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
6	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	7	nsubj	_	_
7	focuses	focus	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	_
8	on	on	ADP	RP	_	7	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **focus on** | present | someone | area *not said here* |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: science — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The way a body part, cell or animal is adapted for one special job.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:specialisation:m3:1
# text = The way a body part, cell or animal is adapted for one special job.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl:unmarked	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	body	body	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	part	part	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
7	cell	cell	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	appos	_	_
8	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	animal	animal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	_
10	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	aux:pass	_	_
11	adapted	adapt	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
12	for	for	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
13	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	15	nummod	_	_
14	special	special	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	job	job	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **adapt** | present · passive |  | the way |  |  |  | for one special job | vn adjust-26.9 «NP V S\_ING» |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Her specialisation is children's medicine.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:specialisation:x1:1
# text = Her specialisation is children's medicine.
1	Her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	specialisation	specialisation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	children	child	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	's	's	PART	POS	_	4	case	_	_
6	medicine	medicine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Her specialisation | children's medicine |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **specialise** |  | Her *= she* |  |  |  |  |  | nom specialisation «process intransitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Red blood cells show specialisation: they carry oxygen.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:specialisation:x2:1
# text = Red blood cells show specialisation: they carry oxygen.
1	Red	red	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
2	blood	blood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	cells	cell	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
4	show	show	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	specialisation	specialisation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	8	punct	_	_
7	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
8	carry	carry	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
9	oxygen	oxygen	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | present | Red blood cells | specialisation |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent specialisation=Recipient |
| 2 | **carry** | present | cells *= cell* | oxygen |  |  |  |  | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent oxygen=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Specialisation lets each worker do one job very well.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:specialisation:x3:1
# text = Specialisation lets each worker do one job very well.
1	Specialisation	specialisation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	lets	let	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	each	each	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	4	det	_	_
4	worker	worker	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	do	do	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	xcomp	_	_
6	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	7	nummod	_	_
7	job	job	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
8	very	very	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
9	well	well	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	5	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **let** | present | Specialisation | each worker |  |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent worker=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
At university you choose a specialisation.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:specialisation:x4:1
# text = At university you choose a specialisation.
1	At	at	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	university	university	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
3	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
4	choose	choose	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	specialisation	specialisation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **choose** | present | you | a specialisation |  | university |  |  | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP PP.source NP.asset»: agent=Agent specialisation=Theme at university=Asset |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The hummingbird's long beak is a specialisation for drinking nectar.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:specialisation:x5:1
# text = The hummingbird's long beak is a specialisation for drinking nectar.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	hummingbird	hummingbird	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	's	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	beak	beak	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	specialisation	specialisation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
9	for	for	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
10	drinking	drink	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	8	acl	_	_
11	nectar	nectar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the hummingbird's long beak | a specialisation |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **drink** | gerund | a specialisation *not said here* | nectar |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent nectar=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Dr Lee's specialisation is volcanoes.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:specialisation:x6:1
# text = Dr Lee's specialisation is volcanoes.
1	Dr	Dr	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nmod:desc	_	_
2	Lee	Lee	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	's	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	specialisation	specialisation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
6	volcanoes	volcano	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Lee  Dr's specialisation | volcanoes |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **specialise** |  | Lee  Dr |  |  |  |  |  | nom specialisation «process intransitive»: poss=agent |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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