---
title: spend — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «spend» in the school dictionary: To spend is to pay out money. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# spend

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** it, Anna, Sam, Max, We, you · **What happens:** spend, be, do, not spend, save, have · **To what, where:** something, zoo, much, 12 cents, sweets, hours reading · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«spend» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [spend in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/spend.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To spend is to pay out money.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:spend:m1:1
# text = To spend is to pay out money.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	spend	spend	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	pay	pay	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	ccomp	_	_
6	out	out	ADP	RP	_	5	compound:prt	_	_
7	money	money	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **spend** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn consume-66-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent clause=Goal |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | pay *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To spend time is to use it doing something or being somewhere: «spend a day at the zoo».

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:spend:m2:1
# text = To spend time is to use it doing something or being somewhere: «spend a day at the zoo».
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	spend	spend	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	csubj	_	_
3	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	use	use	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
7	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
8	doing	do	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	6	ccomp	_	_
9	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	8	obj	_	_
10	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	being	be	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	8	conj	_	_
12	somewhere	somewhere	ADV	RB	PronType=Ind	11	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	15	punct	_	_
14	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	spend	spend	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	parataxis	_	_
16	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obj	_	_
18	at	at	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	zoo	zoo	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **spend** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  | time |  | vn consume-66-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | use *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **do** | gerund | it | something |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Eventuality |
| 4 | **be** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | somewhere *property* | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 5 | **spend** *in a quote* | infinitive |  |  |  | the zoo | day |  | vn consume-66-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
How much does Anna spend?

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:spend:x1:1
# text = How much does Anna spend?
1	How	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	2	advmod	_	_
2	much	much	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	obj	_	_
3	does	do	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
4	Anna	Anna	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	spend	spend	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **spend** | present · do-support | Anna | much |  |  |  |  | vn consume-66-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent much=Asset |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Sam spent 12 cents on sweets and 8 cents on a pen.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:spend:x2:1
# text = Sam spent 12 cents on sweets and 8 cents on a pen.
1	Sam	Sam	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	spent	spend	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	12	12	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	4	nummod	_	_
4	cents	cent	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	sweets	sweet	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
8	8	8	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	9	nummod	_	_
9	cents	cent	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	conj	_	_
10	on	on	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	pen	pen	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **spend** | past | Sam | 12 cents |  |  |  | on sweets and 8 cents *goal*; on a pen | vn consume-66-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent cent=Asset on sweet=Goal |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Max spends 2 hours reading.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:spend:x3:1
# text = Max spends 2 hours reading.
1	Max	Max	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	spends	spend	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	2	2	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	4	nummod	_	_
4	hours	hour	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	compound	_	_
5	reading	reading	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **spend** | present | Max | hours reading |  |  |  |  | vn consume-66-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent reading=Asset |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We spent the weekend at Gran's.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:spend:x4:1
# text = We spent the weekend at Gran's.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	spent	spend	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	weekend	weekend	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	at	at	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	Gran	Gran	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	's	's	PART	POS	_	6	case	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **spend** | past | We |  |  | Gran | weekend |  | vn consume-66-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Don't spend all your pocket money at once.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:spend:x5:1
# text = Don't spend all your pocket money at once.
1	Do	do	AUX	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	3	advmod	_	_
3	spend	spend	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	7	det:predet	_	_
5	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
6	pocket	pocket	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	money	money	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
8	at	at	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	once	once	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Mult	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **spend** | imperative · do-support | you *not said here* | your pocket money |  |  |  |  | vn consume-66-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent money=Asset |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
How much time do you spend on homework?

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:spend:x6:1
# text = How much time do you spend on homework?
1	How	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	2	advmod	_	_
2	much	much	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl:unmarked	_	_
4	do	do	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
5	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
6	spend	spend	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
7	on	on	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	homework	homework	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **spend** | present · do-support | you |  |  |  | time | on homework *goal* | vn consume-66-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent on homework=Goal |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She spent 5 dollars and saved 3.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:spend:x7:1
# text = She spent 5 dollars and saved 3.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	spent	spend	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	5	5	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	4	nummod	_	_
4	dollars	dollar	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	saved	save	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
7	3	3	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **spend** | past | She | 5 dollars |  |  |  |  | vn consume-66-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent dollar=Asset |
| 2 | **save** | past | She *not said here* | 3 |  |  |  |  | vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent 3=Theme |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We spent the night in a tent.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:spend:x8:1
# text = We spent the night in a tent.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	spent	spend	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	night	night	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	tent	tent	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **spend** | past | We |  |  | a tent | night |  | vn consume-66-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"Have you spent the night comfortably?"

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:spend:x9:1
# text = "Have you spent the night comfortably?"
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
4	spent	spend	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	ccomp	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	night	night	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	comfortably	comfortably	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** *in a quote* | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **spend** *in a quote* | past | you |  |  |  | night | comfortably *property* | vn consume-66-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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