---
title: spiny — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «spiny» in the school dictionary: Spiny means covered with spines — sharp, stiff points like thorns or prickles. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# spiny

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Spiny, hedgehog, echidna, Cactuses, animals, you · **What happens:** mean, cover, have, live, stop, eat · **To what, where:** spiny back, Australia, spiny stems, animals, spiny sea urchin, fish · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«spiny» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [spiny in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/spiny.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Spiny means covered with spines — sharp, stiff points like thorns or prickles.

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:spiny:m1:1
# text = Spiny means covered with spines — sharp, stiff points like thorns or prickles.
1	Spiny	spiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	covered	cover	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	ccomp	_	_
4	with	with	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	spines	spine	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
6	—	-	PUNCT	:	_	10	punct	_	_
7	sharp	sharp	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
9	stiff	stiff	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	points	point	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	conj	_	_
11	like	like	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	thorns	thorn	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nmod	_	_
13	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	prickles	prickle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Spiny |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **cover** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | with spines and sharp stiff points like thorns or prickles | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent with spine=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A hedgehog has a spiny back.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:spiny:x1:1
# text = A hedgehog has a spiny back.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	hedgehog	hedgehog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	spiny	spiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	back	back	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | a hedgehog | a spiny back |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent back=Patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The echidna, or spiny anteater, lives in Australia.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:spiny:x2:1
# text = The echidna, or spiny anteater, lives in Australia.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	echidna	echidna	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
5	spiny	spiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	anteater	anteater	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
8	lives	live	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	Australia	Australia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **live** | present | the echidna or spiny anteater |  |  | Australia |  |  | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in australia=Location |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Cactuses have spiny stems to stop animals eating them.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:spiny:x3:1
# text = Cactuses have spiny stems to stop animals eating them.
1	Cactuses	cactuse	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	spiny	spiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	stems	stem	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	stop	stop	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
7	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	_
8	eating	eat	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	7	acl	_	_
9	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | Cactuses | spiny stems |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent stem=Patient |
| 2 | **stop** | to-infinitive | Cactuses *not said here* | animals |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Subeventuality animal=Eventuality |
| 3 | **eat** | gerund | animals *not said here* | animals *= animal* |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Don't step on that spiny sea urchin.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:spiny:x4:1
# text = Don't step on that spiny sea urchin.
1	Do	do	AUX	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	3	advmod	_	_
3	step	step	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	on	on	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
5	that	that	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	8	nsubj	_	_
6	spiny	spiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
7	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	urchin	urchin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **step** | imperative · do-support | you *not said here* |  |  | spiny sea urchin |  |  | vn run-51.3.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on urchin=Trajectory |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The spiny fish puffed itself up.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:spiny:x5:1
# text = The spiny fish puffed itself up.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	spiny	spiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	fish	fish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	puffed	puff	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	itself	itself	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	4	obj	_	_
6	up	up	ADP	RP	_	4	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **puff up** | past | the spiny fish | fish |  |  |  |  | vn substance\_emission-43.4-1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location itself=Source |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Holly leaves are spiny at the edges.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:spiny:x6:1
# text = Holly leaves are spiny at the edges.
1	Holly	Holly	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	leaves	leaf	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	spiny	spiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	at	at	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	edges	edge	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Holly leaves |  |  | the edges |  | spiny *property* | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Spiny lobsters have no big claws, just spiky shells.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:spiny:x7:1
# text = Spiny lobsters have no big claws, just spiky shells.
1	Spiny	spiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	lobsters	lobster	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	6	det	_	_
5	big	big	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	claws	claw	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
8	just	just	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
9	spiky	spiky	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	shells	shell	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | Spiny lobsters | no big claws and spiky shells |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent claw=Patient |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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