---
title: spoken — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «spoken» in the school dictionary: Spoken is the form of «speak» used after have, has, had or be: «I have spoken», «English is spoken here». Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# spoken

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** form, I, person, She, Spoken English, He · **What happens:** speak, use, have, be, form, mean · **To what, where:** speak, English, French, Canada, spoken girl, word · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«spoken» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [spoken in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/spoken.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Spoken is the form of «speak» used after have, has, had or be: «I have spoken», «English is spoken here».

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:spoken:m1:1
# text = Spoken is the form of «speak» used after have, has, had or be: «I have spoken», «English is spoken here».
1	Spoken	speak	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	13	advcl	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	1	aux:pass	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	form	form	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nsubj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	speak	speak	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	7	punct	_	_
9	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	acl	_	_
10	after	after	SCONJ	IN	_	11	mark	_	_
11	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
13	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
15	had	have	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	13	xcomp	_	_
16	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
17	be	be	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	15	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	22	punct	_	_
19	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	22	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	22	nsubj	_	_
21	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	22	aux	_	_
22	spoken	speak	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	13	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	22	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	28	punct	_	_
25	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	28	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	English	English	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	28	nsubj:pass	_	_
27	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	28	aux:pass	_	_
28	spoken	speak	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	22	parataxis	_	_
29	here	here	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	28	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	28	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	13	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **speak** *speech: other* | present · passive | the form of speak *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn talk-37.5 «NP V» |
| 2 | **use** | participle |  | speak *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **have** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **have** | present | the form of speak |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 5 | **have** | participle | the form of speak *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 6 | **be** | infinitive | the form of speak *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 7 | **speak** *speech: other* *in a quote* | present · perfect | I |  |  |  |  |  | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 8 | **speak** *speech: other* *in a quote* | present · passive |  | English |  | here |  |  | tree rules |
| 9 | **form** |  |  | speak |  |  |  |  | nom form «communication transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Spoken means said out loud, not written, as in «spoken English».

<!-- fold The tree, 11 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:spoken:m2:1
# text = Spoken means said out loud, not written, as in «spoken English».
1	Spoken	speak	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	said	say	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	ccomp	_	_
4	out	out	ADP	RP	_	3	compound:prt	_	_
5	loud	loud	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
7	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	8	advmod	_	_
8	written	write	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
10	as	as	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
11	in	in	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
12	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	spoken	speak	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	14	amod	_	_
14	English	English	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **speak** *speech: other* | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **say out** *speech: assert* | participle |  |  |  |  |  | loud *property* | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **not** **write** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1 «NP V S-Quote»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 5 | **speak** *speech: other* *in a quote* | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«Soft-spoken» or «well-spoken» describes how a person talks.

<!-- fold The tree, 10 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:spoken:m3:1
# text = «Soft-spoken» or «well-spoken» describes how a person talks.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Soft	soft	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	spoken	speak	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	12	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
7	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	well	well	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	10	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	spoken	speak	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	_
12	describes	describe	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
13	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	16	advmod	_	_
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	nsubj	_	_
16	talks	talk	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	12	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **speak** *speech: other* *in a quote* | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **speak** *speech: other* *in a quote* | participle |  |  |  |  |  | well *property* | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **describe** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V what S»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 4 | **talk** | present | a person |  |  |  |  |  | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I have spoken to my teacher about the trip.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:spoken:x1:1
# text = I have spoken to my teacher about the trip.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	spoken	speak	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	teacher	teacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	about	about	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	trip	trip	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **speak** *speech: other* | present · perfect | I |  |  |  |  | to my teacher about the trip | vn talk-37.5 «NP V PP.co-agent»: agent=Agent to teacher=Co-Agent |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
French is spoken in Canada.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:spoken:x2:1
# text = French is spoken in Canada.
1	French	French	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	spoken	speak	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	Canada	Canada	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **speak** *speech: other* | present · passive |  | French |  | Canada |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She is a soft-spoken girl.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:spoken:x3:1
# text = She is a soft-spoken girl.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
4	soft	soft	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	spoken	speak	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	amod	_	_
7	girl	girl	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **speak** *speech: other* | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is a** | present | She | a spoken girl |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Spoken English is often less formal than written English.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:spoken:x4:1
# text = Spoken English is often less formal than written English.
1	Spoken	Spoken	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	English	English	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	often	often	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
5	less	less	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	6	advmod	_	_
6	formal	formal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
7	than	than	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
8	written	write	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	advcl	_	_
9	English	English	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Spoken English |  |  |  |  | formal, less, often *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **write** | participle | Spoken English *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Not a word was spoken on the long drive.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:spoken:x5:1
# text = Not a word was spoken on the long drive.
1	Not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	3	advmod	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	spoken	speak	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	on	on	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	drive	drive	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **speak** *speech: other* | past · passive |  | a word |  | the long drive |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
This seat is already spoken for.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:spoken:x6:1
# text = This seat is already spoken for.
1	This	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	2	det	_	_
2	seat	seat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
4	already	already	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	spoken	speak	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **speak** *speech: other* | present · passive |  | this seat |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He had never spoken in front of the whole school before.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:spoken:x7:1
# text = He had never spoken in front of the whole school before.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
2	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
3	never	never	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	4	advmod	_	_
4	spoken	speak	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	front	front	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	whole	whole	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	school	school	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
11	before	before	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **speak** *speech: other* | past · perfect | He |  |  | front of the whole school |  | before *property* | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Meanwhile the swallows had spoken again.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:spoken:x8:1
# text = Meanwhile the swallows had spoken again.
1	Meanwhile	meanwhile	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	swallows	swallow	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
5	spoken	speak	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	again	again	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **speak** *speech: other* | past · perfect · passive |  | the swallows |  |  | again | meanwhile *property* | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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