---
title: spore — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «spore» in the school dictionary: A spore is a tiny cell made by fungi, ferns, mosses and some bacteria that can grow into a new living thing. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# spore

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** spore, bacteria, Spores, seeds, mushroom, Mould · **What happens:** be, make, grow, do, flower, have · **To what, where:** tiny cell, new living thing, job, flowering plants, stored food, millions

<!-- .vabout -->
«spore» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [spore in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/spore.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A spore is a tiny cell made by fungi, ferns, mosses and some bacteria that can grow into a new living thing.

<!-- fold The tree, 22 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:spore:m1:1
# text = A spore is a tiny cell made by fungi, ferns, mosses and some bacteria that can grow into a new living thing.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	spore	spore	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	tiny	tiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	cell	cell	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	acl	_	_
8	by	by	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	fungi	fungus	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
11	ferns	fern	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
13	mosses	moss	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	conj	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
15	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	16	det	_	_
16	bacteria	bacterium	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	conj	_	_
17	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	19	nsubj	_	_
18	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	19	aux	_	_
19	grow	grow	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	16	acl:relcl	_	_
20	into	into	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
21	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
22	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	24	amod	_	_
23	living	living	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	compound	_	_
24	thing	thing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a spore | a tiny cell |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **make** | participle |  | a tiny cell *not said here* |  |  |  | by fungi and ferns and mosses and some bacteria | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |
| 3 | **grow** | can | some bacteria |  |  |  |  | into a new living thing *result* | vn become-109.1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient into thing=Result |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Spores do the job that seeds do in flowering plants, but they are much smaller and have no stored food.

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:spore:m2:1
# text = Spores do the job that seeds do in flowering plants, but they are much smaller and have no stored food.
1	Spores	spore	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	do	do	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	job	job	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	7	obj	_	_
6	seeds	seed	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
7	do	do	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	acl:relcl	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	flowering	flower	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	10	amod	_	_
10	plants	plant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
12	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
13	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	16	nsubj	_	_
14	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	16	cop	_	_
15	much	much	ADV	RB	_	16	advmod	_	_
16	smaller	small	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	2	advcl	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
18	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	16	conj	_	_
19	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	21	det	_	_
20	stored	store	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	21	amod	_	_
21	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **do** | present | Spores | the job |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent job=Eventuality |
| 2 | **do** | present | seeds | the job |  | flowering plants |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent that=Eventuality |
| 3 | **flower** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn entity\_specific\_modes\_being-47.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 4 | **is** | present | seeds *= seed* |  |  |  |  | small *property* | tree rules |
| 5 | **have** | present | seeds *= seed* *not said here* | no stored food |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent food=Patient |
| 6 | **store** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A mushroom releases millions of spores.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:spore:x1:1
# text = A mushroom releases millions of spores.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	mushroom	mushroom	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	releases	release	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	millions	million	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	spores	spore	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **release** | present | a mushroom | millions of spores |  |  |  |  | vn free-10.6.3-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Causer million=Source |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Mould grows on bread from spores in the air.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:spore:x2:1
# text = Mould grows on bread from spores in the air.
1	Mould	mould	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	grows	grow	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	on	on	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	bread	bread	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
5	from	from	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	spores	spore	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **grow** | present | Mould |  |  | bread |  | from spores in the air | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on bread=Location |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Look for the brown spots of spores under the fern leaf.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:spore:x3:1
# text = Look for the brown spots of spores under the fern leaf.
1	Look	look	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	for	for	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	brown	brown	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	spots	spot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obl	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	spores	spore	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	_
8	under	under	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	fern	fern	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
11	leaf	leaf	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **look** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  | for the brown spots of spores under the fern leaf | vn rummage-35.5 «NP V PP.location PP.theme»: agent=Agent for spot=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Spores are carried by the wind.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:spore:x4:1
# text = Spores are carried by the wind.
1	Spores	spore	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	carried	carry	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	by	by	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	wind	wind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **carry** | present · passive | the wind | Spores |  |  |  |  | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Some bacteria make spores that survive boiling.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:spore:x5:1
# text = Some bacteria make spores that survive boiling.
1	Some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	2	det	_	_
2	bacteria	bacterium	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	make	make	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	spores	spore	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
5	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	6	nsubj	_	_
6	survive	survive	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	acl:relcl	_	_
7	boiling	boiling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | present | some bacteria | spores |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset spore=Product |
| 2 | **survive** | present | spores | boiling |  |  |  |  | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme boiling=Circumstance |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Damp rooms can be full of mould spores.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:spore:x6:1
# text = Damp rooms can be full of mould spores.
1	Damp	damp	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	rooms	room	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
3	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
4	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	cop	_	_
5	full	full	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	mould	mould	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	spores	spore	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | can | Damp rooms |  |  |  |  | of mould spores; full *property* | tree rules |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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