---
title: stack — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «stack» in the school dictionary: A stack is a neat pile of things one on top of another. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# stack

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** stack, Stacks, 5 stacks, She, you, He · **What happens:** be, stack, mean, have, go, eat · **To what, where:** neat pile, lot, tall chimney, 24 books, 3 stacks, 12 boxes

<!-- .vabout -->
«stack» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 10 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [stack in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/stack.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A stack is a neat pile of things one on top of another.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stack:m1:1
# text = A stack is a neat pile of things one on top of another.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	stack	stack	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	neat	neat	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	pile	pile	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	things	thing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	_
9	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	8	flat	_	_
10	on	on	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	top	top	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	another	another	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	11	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a stack | a neat pile |  |  |  | of things | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To stack is to make such a pile.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stack:m2:1
# text = To stack is to make such a pile.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	stack	stack	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	csubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
6	such	such	DET	PDT	PronType=Ind	8	det:predet	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	pile	pile	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stack** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn spray-9.7-2 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | make *property* | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Stacks of something means a lot of it (informal): «stacks of homework».

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stack:m3:1
# text = Stacks of something means a lot of it (informal): «stacks of homework».
1	Stacks	stack	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	1	nmod	_	_
4	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	lot	lot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nmod	_	_
9	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	informal	informal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	14	punct	_	_
13	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	stacks	stack	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	parataxis	_	_
15	of	of	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	homework	homework	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Stacks of something | a lot of lot |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A stack is also a tall chimney.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stack:m4:1
# text = A stack is also a tall chimney.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	stack	stack	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
4	also	also	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	tall	tall	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	chimney	chimney	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a stack | a tall chimney |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
There are 5 stacks of 10 plates.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stack:x1:1
# text = There are 5 stacks of 10 plates.
1	There	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	2	expl	_	_
2	are	be	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	5	5	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	4	nummod	_	_
4	stacks	stack	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	10	10	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	7	nummod	_	_
7	plates	plate	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **does** | present | 5 stacks of 10 plates |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She stacks 24 books in 3 stacks.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stack:x2:1
# text = She stacks 24 books in 3 stacks.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	stacks	stack	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	24	24	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	4	nummod	_	_
4	books	book	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	3	3	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	7	nummod	_	_
7	stacks	stack	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stack** | present | She | 24 books |  | 3 stacks |  |  | vn spray-9.7-2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent book=Theme in stack=Destination |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Each stack has 12 boxes.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stack:x3:1
# text = Each stack has 12 boxes.
1	Each	each	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	2	det	_	_
2	stack	stack	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	12	12	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	nummod	_	_
5	boxes	box	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | each stack | 12 boxes |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent box=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
How tall is a stack of 8 cups?

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stack:x4:1
# text = How tall is a stack of 8 cups?
1	How	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	2	advmod	_	_
2	tall	tall	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	stack	stack	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	8	8	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	8	nummod	_	_
8	cups	cup	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present |  | a tall stack |  |  |  | of 8 cups | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Please stack your chairs before you go home.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stack:x5:1
# text = Please stack your chairs before you go home.
1	Please	please	INTJ	UH	_	2	discourse	_	_
2	stack	stack	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	chairs	chair	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	before	before	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
6	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
7	go	go	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	advcl	_	_
8	home	home	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stack** | imperative | you *not said here* | your chairs |  |  |  |  | vn spray-9.7-2 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent chair=Theme |
| 2 | **go** | present | you |  |  |  |  | home *property* | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He ate a stack of pancakes with syrup.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stack:x6:1
# text = He ate a stack of pancakes with syrup.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	ate	eat	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	stack	stack	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	pancakes	pancake	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	_
7	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	syrup	syrup	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **eat** | past | He | a stack of pancakes with syrup |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent stack=Patient |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We stacked cubes into a tower of 10.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stack:x7:1
# text = We stacked cubes into a tower of 10.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	stacked	stack	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	cubes	cube	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	into	into	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	tower	tower	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	10	10	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stack** | past | We | cubes |  | a tower of 10 |  |  | vn spray-9.7-2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent cube=Theme into tower=Destination |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I have stacks of homework tonight.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stack:x8:1
# text = I have stacks of homework tonight.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	stacks	stack	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	homework	homework	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
6	tonight	tonight	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | I | stacks of homework |  |  | tonight |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent stack=Patient |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
How does our team stack up against theirs?

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stack:x9:1
# text = How does our team stack up against theirs?
1	How	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	2	advmod	_	_
2	does	do	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	advcl	_	_
3	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	team	team	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	stack	stack	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	up	up	ADP	RP	_	5	compound:prt	_	_
7	against	against	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	theirs	their	PRON	PRP	Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **do** | present |  | our team |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent team=Eventuality |
| 2 | **stack up** | present |  |  |  |  |  | against theirs *= they* | vn spray-9.7-2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent against their=Destination |

## Example 10 {#x10}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Then he hastily stepped behind the wood stack, and waited for what might happen next.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stack:x10:1
# text = Then he hastily stepped behind the wood stack, and waited for what might happen next.
1	Then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	4	advmod	_	_
2	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
3	hastily	hastily	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	stepped	step	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	behind	behind	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	wood	wood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	stack	stack	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	waited	wait	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
12	for	for	SCONJ	IN	_	15	mark	_	_
13	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	15	nsubj	_	_
14	might	might	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	15	aux	_	_
15	happen	happen	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	11	advcl	_	_
16	next	next	ADV	RB	_	15	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **step** | past | he |  |  | the wood stack | then | hastily *property* | vn run-51.3.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme behind stack=Trajectory |
| 2 | **wait** | past | he *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **happen** | might |  |  |  |  |  | next *property* | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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