---
title: stalagmite — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «stalagmite» in the school dictionary: A stalagmite is a pointed column of rock that grows upwards from the floor of a cave, made by drips of water full of dissolved minerals. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# stalagmite

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** stalagmite, rock, Stalagmites, It, you, oils · **What happens:** be, grow, make, dissolve, drip, take · **To what, where:** pointed column, water, thousands, stalagmites, column, cave diagram

<!-- .vabout -->
«stalagmite» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [stalagmite in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/stalagmite.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A stalagmite is a pointed column of rock that grows upwards from the floor of a cave, made by drips of water full of dissolved minerals.

<!-- fold The tree, 26 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stalagmite:m1:1
# text = A stalagmite is a pointed column of rock that grows upwards from the floor of a cave, made by drips of water full of dissolved minerals.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	stalagmite	stalagmite	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	pointed	pointed	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	column	column	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	rock	rock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
9	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	10	nsubj	_	_
10	grows	grow	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	acl:relcl	_	_
11	upwards	upwards	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
12	from	from	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	floor	floor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	_
15	of	of	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	cave	cave	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
19	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	acl	_	_
20	by	by	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
21	drips	drip	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	obl	_	_
22	of	of	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
23	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	nmod	_	_
24	full	full	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	amod	_	_
25	of	of	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
26	dissolved	dissolve	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	27	amod	_	_
27	minerals	mineral	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	24	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a stalagmite | a pointed column |  |  |  | of rock | tree rules |
| 2 | **grow** | present | rock |  |  |  |  | from the floor of a cave; upwards *property* | vn grow-26.2.1 «NP.product V PP.patient»: agent=Product from floor=Patient |
| 3 | **make** | participle |  | a pointed column *not said here* |  |  |  | by drips of water | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |
| 4 | **dissolve** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn break-45.1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 5 | **drip** |  |  | water |  |  |  |  | nom drip «event transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A huge stalagmite rose from the cave floor.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stalagmite:x1:1
# text = A huge stalagmite rose from the cave floor.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
2	huge	huge	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
3	stalagmite	stalagmite	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	rose	rose	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	from	from	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	cave	cave	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	floor	floor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Stalagmites grow upwards as water drips onto them.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stalagmite:x2:1
# text = Stalagmites grow upwards as water drips onto them.
1	Stalagmites	stalagmite	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	grow	grow	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	upwards	upwards	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
4	as	as	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	drips	drip	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
7	onto	onto	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **grow** | present | Stalagmites |  |  |  |  | as water drips onto drips; upwards *property* | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It took thousands of years for the stalagmite to form.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stalagmite:x3:1
# text = It took thousands of years for the stalagmite to form.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	took	take	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	thousands	thousand	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nmod	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	stalagmite	stalagmite	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
9	to	to	PART	TO	_	10	mark	_	_
10	form	form	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **take** | past | It | thousands of years |  |  |  | for the stalagmite | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP PP.beneficiary»: agent=Agent thousand=Theme for stalagmite=Beneficiary |
| 2 | **form** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Please don't touch the stalagmites — oils from your hands harm them.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stalagmite:x4:1
# text = Please don't touch the stalagmites — oils from your hands harm them.
1	Please	please	INTJ	UH	_	4	discourse	_	_
2	do	do	AUX	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	4	advmod	_	_
4	touch	touch	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	stalagmites	stalagmite	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
7	—	-	PUNCT	:	_	8	punct	_	_
8	oils	oil	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	nsubj	_	_
9	from	from	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	11	nmod:poss	_	_
11	hands	hand	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nmod	_	_
12	harm	harm	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	parataxis	_	_
13	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	12	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **touch** | imperative · do-support | you *not said here* | the stalagmites |  |  |  |  | vn contiguous\_location-47.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme stalagmite=Co-Theme |
| 2 | **harm** | present | oils from your hands | stalagmites *= stalagmite* |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus they=Experiencer |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The stalactite and the stalagmite met to make a column.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stalagmite:x5:1
# text = The stalactite and the stalagmite met to make a column.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	stalactite	stalactite	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	stalagmite	stalagmite	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
6	met	meet	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	xcomp	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	column	column	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **meet** | past | the stalactite and the stalagmite |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **make** | to-infinitive | the stalactite and the stalagmite *not said here* | a column |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset column=Product |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We drew stalagmites in our cave diagram.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stalagmite:x6:1
# text = We drew stalagmites in our cave diagram.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	drew	draw	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	stalagmites	stalagmite	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
6	cave	cave	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	diagram	diagram	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **draw** | past | We | stalagmites |  | our cave diagram |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent stalagmite=Theme in diagram=Destination |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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