---
title: stale — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «stale» in the school dictionary: Stale food, especially bread or cake, is old, dry and not fresh any more. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# stale

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Stale food, Stale air, Stale news, people, stale trail, old scent · **What happens:** be, not be, close, hear, grow, follow · **To what, where:** news, old scent, hunting, bag, 's, window

<!-- .vabout -->
«stale» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [stale in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/stale.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Stale food, especially bread or cake, is old, dry and not fresh any more.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stale:m1:1
# text = Stale food, especially bread or cake, is old, dry and not fresh any more.
1	Stale	stale	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
4	especially	especially	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	bread	bread	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	cake	cake	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
9	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
10	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
12	dry	dry	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	conj	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
14	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	15	advmod	_	_
15	fresh	fresh	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	conj	_	_
16	any	any	ADV	RB	_	17	advmod	_	_
17	more	more	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	15	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Stale food |  |  |  |  | old *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **be** |  | Stale food *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **not** **be** |  | Stale food *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Stale air is old and stuffy, not fresh, like in a room with closed windows.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stale:m2:1
# text = Stale air is old and stuffy, not fresh, like in a room with closed windows.
1	Stale	stale	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	stuffy	stuffy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
8	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	9	advmod	_	_
9	fresh	fresh	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
11	like	like	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
12	in	in	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	room	room	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	_
15	with	with	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	closed	close	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	17	amod	_	_
17	windows	window	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Stale air |  |  |  |  | old *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **be** |  | Stale air *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **not** **be** |  | Stale air *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **close** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Stale news or jokes are old and boring because people have heard them too many times.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stale:m3:1
# text = Stale news or jokes are old and boring because people have heard them too many times.
1	Stale	stale	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	news	news	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
4	jokes	joke	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	conj	_	_
5	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
6	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	boring	boring	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	conj	_	_
9	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	12	mark	_	_
10	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	nsubj	_	_
11	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	aux	_	_
12	heard	hear	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	6	parataxis	_	_
13	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	12	obj	_	_
14	too	too	ADV	RB	_	15	advmod	_	_
15	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	times	time	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Stale news or jokes |  |  |  |  | old *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **be** |  | Stale news or jokes *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **hear** | present · perfect | people | news |  |  | time |  | vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer they=Stimulus |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In hunting, a stale trail is an old scent that has grown weak and is hard to follow.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stale:m4:1
# text = In hunting, a stale trail is an old scent that has grown weak and is hard to follow.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	hunting	hunting	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	stale	stale	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	trail	trail	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
8	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	scent	scent	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
11	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	13	nsubj	_	_
12	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	aux	_	_
13	grown	grow	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	10	acl:relcl	_	_
14	weak	weak	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	xcomp	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
16	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	17	cop	_	_
17	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	conj	_	_
18	to	to	PART	TO	_	19	mark	_	_
19	follow	follow	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	17	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a stale trail | a old scent |  | hunting |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **grow** | present · perfect | a old scent |  |  |  |  | weak *property* | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **is** | present | a old scent *not said here* |  |  |  |  | hard *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **follow** | to-infinitive | a old scent *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The bread went stale because we left the bag open.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stale:x1:1
# text = The bread went stale because we left the bag open.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	bread	bread	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	went	go	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	stale	stale	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	xcomp	_	_
5	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
6	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
7	left	leave	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	advcl	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	bag	bag	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
10	open	open	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **go** | past | the bread |  |  |  |  | stale *property* | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **leave** | past | we | the bag |  |  |  | open *property* | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bag=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Let's open a window; the air in here is stale.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stale:x2:1
# text = Let's open a window; the air in here is stale.
1	Let	let	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	's	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	1	obj	_	_
3	open	open	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	xcomp	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	window	window	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	12	punct	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nsubj	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	here	here	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	8	nmod	_	_
11	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	cop	_	_
12	stale	stale	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **let** | imperative | you *not said here* | 's |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **open** | infinitive | 's *not said here* | a window |  |  |  |  | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location window=Theme |
| 3 | **is** | present | the air |  |  |  |  | stale *property* | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We fed the stale crusts to the ducks.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stale:x3:1
# text = We fed the stale crusts to the ducks.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	fed	feed	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	stale	stale	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	crusts	crust	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
6	to	to	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	ducks	duck	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **feed** | past | We | the stale crusts | the ducks |  |  |  | vn feeding-39.7 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: agent=Agent crust=Theme to duck=Recipient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Seal the cereal box, or it will go stale.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stale:x4:1
# text = Seal the cereal box, or it will go stale.
1	Seal	seal	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	cereal	cereal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	box	box	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
7	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
8	will	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	_
9	go	go	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	conj	_	_
10	stale	stale	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **seal** | imperative | you *not said here* | the cereal box |  |  |  |  | vn tape-22.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent box=Patient |
| 2 | **go** | future | box |  |  |  |  | stale *property* | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
That joke is stale; everyone knows it.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stale:x5:1
# text = That joke is stale; everyone knows it.
1	That	that	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	2	det	_	_
2	joke	joke	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	stale	stale	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	7	punct	_	_
6	everyone	everyone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Tot	7	nsubj	_	_
7	knows	know	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	parataxis	_	_
8	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | that joke |  |  |  |  | stale *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **know** | present | everyone | joke |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer it=Stimulus |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Stale biscuits are soft instead of crunchy.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stale:x6:1
# text = Stale biscuits are soft instead of crunchy.
1	Stale	stale	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	biscuits	biscuit	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	soft	soft	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	instead	instead	ADV	RB	ExtPos=ADP	7	case	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	fixed	_	_
7	crunchy	crunchy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Stale biscuits |  |  |  |  | instead crunchy; soft *property* | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The room smelled stale after the holiday.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stale:x7:1
# text = The room smelled stale after the holiday.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	room	room	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	smelled	smell	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	stale	stale	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
5	after	after	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	holiday	holiday	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **smell** | past | the room |  |  |  | after the holiday | stale *property* | vn smell\_emission-43.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He shall follow the new trail, and the stale trail, and the mixed trail, with a clear eye!

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stale:x8:1
# text = He shall follow the new trail, and the stale trail, and the mixed trail, with a clear eye!
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	shall	shall	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	follow	follow	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	trail	trail	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	stale	stale	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	trail	trail	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
15	mixed	mix	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	16	amod	_	_
16	trail	trail	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
18	with	with	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
19	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
20	clear	clear	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	amod	_	_
21	eye	eye	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **follow** | shall | He | the new trail |  |  |  | with a clear eye | vn chase-51.6 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent trail=Theme |
| 2 | **mix** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn mix-22.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Patient |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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