---
title: stammer — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «stammer» in the school dictionary: To stammer means to speak with pauses and repeated sounds, because you are nervous or because of a speech condition («I-I-I don't know»). Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# stammer

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** you, I, stammer, speech condition, person, he · **What happens:** stammer, mean, speak, repeat, be, not know · **To what, where:** speech condition, person, sounds, stammer, USA, question · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«stammer» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [stammer in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/stammer.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To stammer means to speak with pauses and repeated sounds, because you are nervous or because of a speech condition («I-I-I don't know»).

<!-- fold The tree, 26 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stammer:m1:1
# text = To stammer means to speak with pauses and repeated sounds, because you are nervous or because of a speech condition («I-I-I don't know»).
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	stammer	stammer	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	csubj	_	_
3	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	speak	speak	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
6	with	with	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	pauses	pause	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
9	repeated	repeat	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	amod	_	_
10	sounds	sound	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
12	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	15	mark	_	_
13	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	15	nsubj	_	_
14	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	cop	_	_
15	nervous	nervous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	advcl	_	_
16	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
17	because	because	ADP	IN	ExtPos=ADP	21	case	_	_
18	of	of	ADP	IN	_	17	fixed	_	_
19	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
20	speech	speech	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	compound	_	_
21	condition	condition	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	conj	_	_
22	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	26	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	26	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	26	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	26	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	21	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	-	-	PUNCT	,	_	31	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	31	nsubj	_	_
29	do	do	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	31	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	31	advmod	_	_
31	know	know	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	26	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	31	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	21	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stammer** *speech: other* | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **speak** *speech: other* *not said to happen* | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | with pauses and repeated sounds | vn talk-37.5 «NP V PP.co-agent»: agent=Agent with pause=Co-Agent |
| 4 | **repeat** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality |
| 5 | **is** | present | you |  |  |  |  | nervous *property* | tree rules |
| 6 | **not** **know** *in a quote* | present · do-support | I |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A stammer is a speech condition that makes a person repeat or stretch sounds or get stuck on words; in the USA it is often called a stutter.

<!-- fold The tree, 28 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stammer:m2:1
# text = A stammer is a speech condition that makes a person repeat or stretch sounds or get stuck on words; in the USA it is often called a stutter.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	stammer	stammer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	speech	speech	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	condition	condition	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
8	makes	make	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	acl:relcl	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
11	repeat	repeat	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	xcomp	_	_
12	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	stretch	stretch	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	11	conj	_	_
14	sounds	sound	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	obj	_	_
15	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
16	get	get	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	13	conj	_	_
17	stuck	stuck	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	xcomp	_	_
18	on	on	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	27	punct	_	_
21	in	in	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
22	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
23	USA	USA	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	27	obl	_	_
24	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	27	nsubj:pass	_	_
25	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	27	aux:pass	_	_
26	often	often	ADV	RB	_	27	advmod	_	_
27	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	acl	_	_
28	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	29	det	_	_
29	stutter	stutter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a stammer | a speech condition |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **make** | present | a speech condition | a person |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **repeat** | infinitive | a person *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality |
| 4 | **stretch** | infinitive | a person *not said here* | sounds |  |  |  |  | vn bend-45.2 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent sound=Patient |
| 5 | **get** | infinitive | a person *not said here* |  |  |  |  | stuck *property* | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer |
| 6 | **call** | present · passive | a speech condition *not said here* | stammer |  | the USA |  | often *property* | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«S-sorry,» he stammered.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stammer:x1:1
# text = «S-sorry,» he stammered.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	S	s	X	AFX	_	4	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	sorry	sorry	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	_
7	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
8	stammered	stammer	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stammer** *speech: other* | past | he |  |  |  |  |  | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She stammered when the head teacher asked her a question.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stammer:x2:1
# text = She stammered when the head teacher asked her a question.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	stammered	stammer	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	7	mark	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	head	head	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	teacher	teacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
7	asked	ask	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	advcl	_	_
8	her	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	iobj	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	question	question	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stammer** *speech: other* | past | She |  |  |  |  |  | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **ask** *speech: ask* | past | the head teacher | a question | her *= she* |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My friend has a stammer, so I give him time to finish.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stammer:x3:1
# text = My friend has a stammer, so I give him time to finish.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	friend	friend	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	stammer	stammer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
7	so	so	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
8	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
9	give	give	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
10	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	iobj	_	_
11	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	_
12	to	to	PART	TO	_	13	mark	_	_
13	finish	finish	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	11	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | My friend | a stammer |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent stammer=Patient |
| 2 | **give** | present | I |  | friend |  | time |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent he=Theme |
| 3 | **finish** | to-infinitive | I *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Never laugh at someone who stammers.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stammer:x4:1
# text = Never laugh at someone who stammers.
1	Never	never	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	2	advmod	_	_
2	laugh	laugh	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	at	at	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	obl	_	_
5	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	6	nsubj	_	_
6	stammers	stammer	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **laugh** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  | someone |  |  | vn nonverbal\_expression-40.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **stammer** *speech: other* | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He stammered out his answer.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stammer:x5:1
# text = He stammered out his answer.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	stammered	stammer	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	out	out	ADP	RP	_	2	compound:prt	_	_
4	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	answer	answer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stammer out** *speech: other* | past | He | his answer |  |  |  |  | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent answer=Topic |
| 2 | **answer** |  | his *= he* |  |  |  |  |  | nom answer «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Some famous actors and leaders had a stammer.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stammer:x6:1
# text = Some famous actors and leaders had a stammer.
1	Some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	3	det	_	_
2	famous	famous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	actors	actor	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
4	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	leaders	leader	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	conj	_	_
6	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	stammer	stammer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | some famous actors and leaders | a stammer |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent stammer=Patient |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Speech therapy can help people with a stammer.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stammer:x7:1
# text = Speech therapy can help people with a stammer.
1	Speech	speech	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	therapy	therapy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	help	help	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
6	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	stammer	stammer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **help** | can | Speech therapy |  | people |  |  | with a stammer | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent people=Beneficiary with stammer=Theme |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Nervous, Tom stammered his lines in the play.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stammer:x8:1
# text = Nervous, Tom stammered his lines in the play.
1	Nervous	nervous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
3	Tom	Tom	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	stammered	stammer	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	1	ccomp	_	_
5	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	lines	line	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	play	play	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stammer** *speech: other* | past | Tom | Tom's lines |  | the play |  |  | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent line=Topic |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
They weren’t here a minute ago,” he stammered.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stammer:x9:1
# text = They weren’t here a minute ago,” he stammered.
1	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
2	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	n’t	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	4	advmod	_	_
4	here	here	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	0	root	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	minute	minute	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl:unmarked	_	_
7	ago	ago	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	6	punct	_	_
10	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
11	stammered	stammer	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **is** | past | They |  |  |  | minute | here *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **stammer** *speech: other* *in a quote* | past | he | a minute *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent minute=Topic |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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