---
title: statistics — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «statistics» in the school dictionary: The branch of maths that collects, organises and studies numbers and data to find patterns and answer questions. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# statistics

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** maths, branch, Facts, we, statistics, more children · **What happens:** collect, organise, study, find, answer, show · **To what, where:** numbers, patterns, questions, Facts, town, maths · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«statistics» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [statistics in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/statistics.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The branch of maths that collects, organises and studies numbers and data to find patterns and answer questions.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:statistics:m1:1
# text = The branch of maths that collects, organises and studies numbers and data to find patterns and answer questions.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	branch	branch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	maths	math	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
5	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	6	nsubj	_	_
6	collects	collect	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
8	organises	organise	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	studies	study	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	conj	_	_
11	numbers	number	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obj	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	data	data	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	_
14	to	to	PART	TO	_	15	mark	_	_
15	find	find	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	10	advcl	_	_
16	patterns	pattern	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	obj	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
18	answer	answer	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	conj	_	_
19	questions	question	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **collect** | present | maths |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **organise** | present | the branch of maths |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **study** | present | the branch of maths *not said here* | numbers and data |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent number=Topic |
| 4 | **find** | to-infinitive | the branch of maths *not said here* | patterns |  |  |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent pattern=Topic |
| 5 | **answer** *speech: assert* | present | the branch of maths *not said here* | questions |  |  |  |  | vn reciprocate-112-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent question=Eventuality |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Facts shown as numbers, such as how many people live in a town or the average rainfall.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:statistics:m2:1
# text = Facts shown as numbers, such as how many people live in a town or the average rainfall.
1	Facts	fact	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nsubj	_	_
2	shown	show	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	1	acl	_	_
3	as	as	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	numbers	number	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
6	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	10	case	_	_
7	as	as	ADP	IN	_	6	fixed	_	_
8	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	9	advmod	_	_
9	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	_
11	live	live	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
12	in	in	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	town	town	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	_
15	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
17	average	average	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	rainfall	rainfall	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | participle |  | Facts *not said here* |  |  |  | as numbers such many people | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **live** | present | Facts |  |  | a town or the average rainfall |  |  | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in town=Location |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: a statistic — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
One such number or fact.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:statistics:m3:1
# text = One such number or fact.
1	One	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	0	root	_	_
2	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	number	number	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	appos	_	_
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	fact	fact	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In maths we are learning about statistics and bar charts.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:statistics:x1:1
# text = In maths we are learning about statistics and bar charts.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	maths	math	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	_
3	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
4	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
5	learning	learn	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
6	about	about	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	statistics	statistic	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
9	bar	bar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	_
10	charts	chart	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **learn** | present · progressive | we |  |  | maths |  | about statistics and bar charts | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V PP.topic»: agent=Agent about statistic=Topic |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The statistics show that more children walk to school than cycle.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:statistics:x2:1
# text = The statistics show that more children walk to school than cycle.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	statistics	statistic	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	show	show	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
5	more	more	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	6	amod	_	_
6	children	child	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
7	walk	walk	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	ccomp	_	_
8	to	to	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	school	school	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
10	than	than	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	cycle	cycle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | present | the statistics |  |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **walk** | present | more children |  |  |  |  | to school *result*; than cycle | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.result»: agent=Theme to school=Result |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Statistics is a useful subject for scientists.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:statistics:x3:1
# text = Statistics is a useful subject for scientists.
1	Statistics	statistic	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	useful	useful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	subject	subject	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	scientists	scientist	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Statistics | a useful subject |  |  |  | for scientists | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The cricket commentator read out the player's statistics.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:statistics:x4:1
# text = The cricket commentator read out the player's statistics.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	cricket	cricket	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	commentator	commentator	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	read	read	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	out	out	ADP	RP	_	4	compound:prt	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	player	player	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	's	's	PART	POS	_	7	case	_	_
9	statistics	statistic	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **read out** | past | the cricket commentator | the player's statistics |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent statistic=Topic |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Government statistics say the population is growing.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:statistics:x5:1
# text = Government statistics say the population is growing.
1	Government	government	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	statistics	statistic	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	say	say	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	population	population	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
7	growing	grow	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | Government statistics |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **grow** | present · progressive | the population |  |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
One shocking statistic is that many children skip breakfast.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:statistics:x6:1
# text = One shocking statistic is that many children skip breakfast.
1	One	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	3	nummod	_	_
2	shocking	shocking	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	statistic	statistic	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
5	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
6	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	children	child	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nsubj	_	_
8	skip	skip	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	breakfast	breakfast	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | One shocking statistic |  |  |  |  | skip *property* | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We used statistics to find the average height in our class.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:statistics:x7:1
# text = We used statistics to find the average height in our class.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	used	use	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	statistics	statistic	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	find	find	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	average	average	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	height	height	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	11	nmod:poss	_	_
11	class	class	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | past | We | statistics |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent statistic=Patient |
| 2 | **find** | to-infinitive | We *not said here* | the average height |  | our class |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent height=Topic |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Be careful: statistics can be shown in a way that misleads you.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:statistics:x8:1
# text = Be careful: statistics can be shown in a way that misleads you.
1	Be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	cop	_	_
2	careful	careful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	2	punct	_	_
4	statistics	statistic	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj:pass	_	_
5	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
6	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	aux:pass	_	_
7	shown	show	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
11	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	12	nsubj	_	_
12	misleads	mislead	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	acl:relcl	_	_
13	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	12	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | careful *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **show** | can · passive |  | careful statistics |  |  |  | in a way | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP PP.recipient PP.theme»: subject=Patient in way=Topic |
| 3 | **mislead** | present | a way | you |  |  |  |  | vn trick-59.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent you=Patient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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