---
title: stiffness — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «stiffness» in the school dictionary: Stiffness is being hard to bend or move, like a new board or a stiff collar. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# stiffness

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Stiffness, someone, spring, I, Gentle stretching, knees · **What happens:** be, bend, move, sleep, act, not be · **To what, where:** tight achy feeling, muscles, material, stiffness, legs, bit · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«stiffness» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [stiffness in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/stiffness.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Stiffness is being hard to bend or move, like a new board or a stiff collar.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stiffness:m1:1
# text = Stiffness is being hard to bend or move, like a new board or a stiff collar.
1	Stiffness	stiffness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	being	be	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	4	cop	_	_
4	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	bend	bend	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	csubj	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	move	move	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
10	like	like	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
12	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	board	board	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	_
14	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
15	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
16	stiff	stiff	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
17	collar	collar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Stiffness |  |  |  |  | hard *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **bend** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **move** | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | like a new board or a stiff collar | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Stiffness in the body is a tight, achy feeling in your muscles or joints, often after exercise or sleeping badly.

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stiffness:m2:1
# text = Stiffness in the body is a tight, achy feeling in your muscles or joints, often after exercise or sleeping badly.
1	Stiffness	stiffness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
2	in	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	body	body	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	nmod	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
7	tight	tight	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
9	achy	achy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	feeling	feeling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
11	in	in	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	13	nmod:poss	_	_
13	muscles	muscle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nmod	_	_
14	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	joints	joint	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
17	often	often	ADV	RB	_	19	advmod	_	_
18	after	after	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	exercise	exercise	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	parataxis	_	_
20	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
21	sleeping	sleep	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	19	conj	_	_
22	badly	badly	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	21	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Stiffness in the body | a tight achy feeling |  | your muscles or joints |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **sleep** | gerund | Stiffness in the body *not said here* |  |  |  |  | badly *property* | vn snooze-40.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Stiffness in how someone acts is being too formal, cold or awkward, not relaxed.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stiffness:m3:1
# text = Stiffness in how someone acts is being too formal, cold or awkward, not relaxed.
1	Stiffness	stiffness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
2	in	in	SCONJ	IN	_	5	mark	_	_
3	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	5	advmod	_	_
4	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	5	nsubj	_	_
5	acts	act	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	1	advcl	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
7	being	be	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	9	cop	_	_
8	too	too	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
9	formal	formal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
11	cold	cold	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	conj	_	_
12	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	awkward	awkward	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
15	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	16	advmod	_	_
16	relaxed	relaxed	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **act** | present | someone |  |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | present | Stiffness |  |  |  |  | formal *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **be** |  | Stiffness *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **be** |  | Stiffness *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 5 | **not** **be** |  | Stiffness *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: science — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Stiffness is how strongly a material or spring resists being bent or stretched.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stiffness:m4:1
# text = Stiffness is how strongly a material or spring resists being bent or stretched.
1	Stiffness	stiffness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
3	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	4	advmod	_	_
4	strongly	strongly	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	material	material	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
8	spring	spring	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
9	resists	resist	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	conj	_	_
10	being	be	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	11	aux:pass	_	_
11	bent	bend	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	xcomp	_	_
12	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	stretched	stretch	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Stiffness | a material |  |  |  | strongly *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **resist** | present | spring |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **bend** | gerund · passive | spring *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V» |
| 4 | **stretch** | participle | spring *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn bend-45.2 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I felt some stiffness in my legs after the cross-country race.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stiffness:x1:1
# text = I felt some stiffness in my legs after the cross-country race.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	felt	feel	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	4	det	_	_
4	stiffness	stiffness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	legs	leg	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
8	after	after	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	cross-country	cross-country	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	race	race	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **feel** | past | I | some stiffness |  | my legs | after the cross-country race |  | vn hunt-35.1 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent stiffness=Theme in leg=Location |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Gentle stretching helps reduce stiffness.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stiffness:x2:1
# text = Gentle stretching helps reduce stiffness.
1	Gentle	gentle	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	stretching	stretching	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	helps	help	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	reduce	reduce	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
5	stiffness	stiffness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **help** | present | Gentle stretching |  |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 2 | **reduce** | infinitive | Gentle stretching *not said here* | stiffness |  |  |  |  | vn limit-76 «NP V NP»: agent=Causer stiffness=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Grandad's knees have a bit of stiffness in cold weather.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stiffness:x3:1
# text = Grandad's knees have a bit of stiffness in cold weather.
1	Grandad	Grandad	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	's	's	PART	POS	_	1	case	_	_
3	knees	knee	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
4	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	bit	bit	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	stiffness	stiffness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	cold	cold	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	weather	weather	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | Grandad's knees | a bit of stiffness in cold weather |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bit=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The stiffness of the cardboard made it hard to fold.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stiffness:x4:1
# text = The stiffness of the cardboard made it hard to fold.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	stiffness	stiffness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	cardboard	cardboard	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	obj	_	_
8	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	xcomp	_	_
9	to	to	PART	TO	_	10	mark	_	_
10	fold	fold	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past | the stiffness of the cardboard | cardboard |  |  |  | hard *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset it=Product |
| 2 | **fold** | to-infinitive | cardboard *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn bend-45.2 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We measured the stiffness of three different rulers in science.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stiffness:x5:1
# text = We measured the stiffness of three different rulers in science.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	measured	measure	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	stiffness	stiffness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	three	three	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	8	nummod	_	_
7	different	different	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	rulers	ruler	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	science	science	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **measure** | past | We | the stiffness of three different rulers in science |  |  |  |  | vn register-54.1-2-1 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Theme stiffness=Value |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
There was a stiffness in her voice when she said hello.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stiffness:x6:1
# text = There was a stiffness in her voice when she said hello.
1	There	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	2	expl	_	_
2	was	be	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	advcl	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	stiffness	stiffness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	voice	voice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
8	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	10	advmod	_	_
9	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
10	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
11	hello	hello	INTJ	UH	_	10	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **be** | past | a stiffness in stiffness's voice |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | stiffness |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent hello=Topic |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The stiffness of the new shoes gave me blisters.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stiffness:x7:1
# text = The stiffness of the new shoes gave me blisters.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	stiffness	stiffness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	shoes	shoe	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
7	gave	give	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	7	iobj	_	_
9	blisters	blister	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | past | the stiffness of the new shoes | blisters | me |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent i=Recipient blister=Theme |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
After the long car ride, the stiffness in my back made me groan.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stiffness:x8:1
# text = After the long car ride, the stiffness in my back made me groan.
1	After	after	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
3	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
4	car	car	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	ride	ride	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	stiffness	stiffness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nsubj	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	11	nmod:poss	_	_
11	back	back	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	_
12	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
13	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	12	obj	_	_
14	groan	groan	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	12	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	12	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past | the stiffness in my back | me |  |  | after the long car ride |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **groan** | infinitive | me *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn animal\_sounds-38 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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