---
title: stingless — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «stingless» in the school dictionary: Stingless means having no sting or no working sting. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# stingless

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Stingless, Stingless bees, warm countries, bees, Maya people, Male bees · **What happens:** mean, have, work, be, find, not sting · **To what, where:** sting, small bees, warm countries, small amount, honey, flowers · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«stingless» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [stingless in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/stingless.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Stingless means having no sting or no working sting.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stingless:m1:1
# text = Stingless means having no sting or no working sting.
1	Stingless	stingless	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	having	have	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	xcomp	_	_
4	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	5	det	_	_
5	sting	sting	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
7	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	9	det	_	_
8	working	work	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	9	amod	_	_
9	sting	sting	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Stingless |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **have** *not said to happen* | gerund | Stingless *not said here* | no sting or no working sting |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent sting=Patient |
| 3 | **work** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn employment-95.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Stingless bees are small bees found in warm countries such as Australia, Brazil and Mexico that cannot sting; they make a small amount of honey.

<!-- fold The tree, 26 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stingless:m2:1
# text = Stingless bees are small bees found in warm countries such as Australia, Brazil and Mexico that cannot sting; they make a small amount of honey.
1	Stingless	stingless	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	bees	bee	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	bees	bee	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
6	found	find	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	acl	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	warm	warm	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	countries	country	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	_
10	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	12	case	_	_
11	as	as	ADP	IN	_	10	fixed	_	_
12	Australia	Australia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
14	Brazil	Brazil	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	conj	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
16	Mexico	Mexico	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	conj	_	_
17	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	20	nsubj	_	_
18	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	20	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	20	advmod	_	_
20	sting	sting	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	9	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	23	punct	_	_
22	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	23	nsubj	_	_
23	make	make	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	_
24	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
25	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	26	amod	_	_
26	amount	amount	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	obj	_	_
27	of	of	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
28	honey	honey	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Stingless bees | small bees |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **find** | participle |  | small bees *not said here* |  | warm countries such Australia and Brazil and Mexico |  |  | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S\_INF»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **not** **sting** | can | warm countries such Australia and Brazil and Mexico |  |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |
| 4 | **make** | present | bees *= bee* | a small amount of honey |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset amount=Product |
| 5 | **amount** |  |  | honey |  |  |  |  | nom amount «possession transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Stingless bees buzzed around the flowers in the school garden.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stingless:x1:1
# text = Stingless bees buzzed around the flowers in the school garden.
1	Stingless	stingless	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	bees	bee	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	buzzed	buzz	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	around	around	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	flowers	flower	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	school	school	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	_
10	garden	garden	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **buzz** | past | Stingless bees |  |  | the flowers |  | in the school garden | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme around flower=Location |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In Australia, stingless bees are called sugarbag bees.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stingless:x2:1
# text = In Australia, stingless bees are called sugarbag bees.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	Australia	Australia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	stingless	stingless	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	bees	bee	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj:pass	_	_
6	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux:pass	_	_
7	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
8	sugarbag	sugarbag	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	bees	bee	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **call** | present · passive |  | stingless bees |  | Australia |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Stingless bees cannot hurt you with a sting, but they might bite a little.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stingless:x3:1
# text = Stingless bees cannot hurt you with a sting, but they might bite a little.
1	Stingless	stingless	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	bees	bee	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
3	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	5	advmod	_	_
5	hurt	hurt	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
6	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	5	obj	_	_
7	with	with	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	sting	sting	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
11	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
12	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	14	nsubj	_	_
13	might	might	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	14	aux	_	_
14	bite	bite	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	conj	_	_
15	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **hurt** | can | Stingless bees | you |  |  |  | with a sting | vn hurt-40.8.3-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer you=Patient |
| 2 | **bite** | might | bees *= bee* | a little |  |  |  |  | vn swat-18.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent little=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Maya people kept stingless bees for honey.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stingless:x4:1
# text = The Maya people kept stingless bees for honey.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	Maya	Maya	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
4	kept	keep	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	stingless	stingless	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	bees	bee	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
7	for	for	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	honey	honey	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **keep** | past | the Maya people | stingless bees |  |  |  | for honey | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bee=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Male bees are stingless; only females can sting.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stingless:x5:1
# text = Male bees are stingless; only females can sting.
1	Male	male	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	bees	bee	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	stingless	stingless	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	9	punct	_	_
6	only	only	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
7	females	female	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nsubj	_	_
8	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	_
9	sting	sting	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Male bees |  |  |  |  | stingless *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **sting** | can | females |  |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Stingless bee honey is a bit sour and runny.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stingless:x6:1
# text = Stingless bee honey is a bit sour and runny.
1	Stingless	stingless	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
2	bee	bee	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	honey	honey	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	bit	bit	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl:unmarked	_	_
7	sour	sour	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	runny	runny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Stingless bee honey |  |  |  |  | a bit *obl:unmarked*; sour *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **be** |  | Stingless bee honey *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The teacher showed us a stingless bee hive in a wooden box.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stingless:x7:1
# text = The teacher showed us a stingless bee hive in a wooden box.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	teacher	teacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	showed	show	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	iobj	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
6	stingless	stingless	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
7	bee	bee	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	hive	hive	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	wooden	wooden	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	box	box	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | past | the teacher | a stingless bee hive | us | a wooden box |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent we=Recipient hive=Topic |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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