---
title: stingray — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «stingray» in the school dictionary: A stingray is a flat sea fish with a wide body shaped like a disc and a long thin tail that has a sharp, venomous spine. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# stingray

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** stingray, long thin tail, We, you, tail, Stingrays · **What happens:** be, shape, have, glide, see, shuffle · **To what, where:** flat sea fish, wide body, sharp venomous spine, stingray, sand, stingrays

<!-- .vabout -->
«stingray» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [stingray in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/stingray.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A stingray is a flat sea fish with a wide body shaped like a disc and a long thin tail that has a sharp, venomous spine.

<!-- fold The tree, 26 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stingray:m1:1
# text = A stingray is a flat sea fish with a wide body shaped like a disc and a long thin tail that has a sharp, venomous spine.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	stingray	stingray	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
5	flat	flat	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
6	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	fish	fish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	with	with	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	wide	wide	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	body	body	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	_
12	shaped	shape	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	11	acl	_	_
13	like	like	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	disc	disc	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
17	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
18	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	amod	_	_
19	thin	thin	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	amod	_	_
20	tail	tail	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	conj	_	_
21	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	22	nsubj	_	_
22	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	20	acl:relcl	_	_
23	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	27	det	_	_
24	sharp	sharp	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	27	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	24	punct	_	_
26	venomous	venomous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	27	amod	_	_
27	spine	spine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a stingray | a flat sea fish |  |  |  | with a wide body | tree rules |
| 2 | **shape** | participle |  | a wide body *not said here* |  |  |  | like a disc and a long thin tail | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |
| 3 | **have** | present | a long thin tail | a sharp venomous spine |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent spine=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A stingray glided over the sand.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stingray:x1:1
# text = A stingray glided over the sand.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	stingray	stingray	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	glided	glide	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl	_	_
4	over	over	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	sand	sand	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **glide** | participle |  | a stingray *not said here* |  | the sand |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme over sand=Trajectory |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We saw stingrays at the aquarium.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stingray:x2:1
# text = We saw stingrays at the aquarium.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	saw	see	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	stingrays	stingray	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	at	at	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	aquarium	aquarium	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **see** | past | We | stingrays |  | the aquarium |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer stingray=Stimulus |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Shuffle your feet so you don't step on a stingray.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stingray:x3:1
# text = Shuffle your feet so you don't step on a stingray.
1	Shuffle	shuffle	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
3	feet	foot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
4	so	so	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
5	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
6	do	do	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	8	advmod	_	_
8	step	step	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	advcl	_	_
9	on	on	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	stingray	stingray	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **shuffle** | imperative | you *not said here* | your feet |  |  |  |  | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent foot=Patient |
| 2 | **not** **step** | present · do-support | you |  |  | a stingray |  |  | vn run-51.3.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on stingray=Trajectory |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The stingray's tail has a sharp barb.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stingray:x4:1
# text = The stingray's tail has a sharp barb.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	stingray	stingray	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	's	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	tail	tail	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	sharp	sharp	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	barb	barb	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | the stingray's tail | a sharp barb |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent barb=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Stingrays are related to sharks.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stingray:x5:1
# text = Stingrays are related to sharks.
1	Stingrays	stingray	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	related	related	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	sharks	shark	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Stingrays |  |  |  |  | to sharks; related *property* | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A stingray hides under the sand with only its eyes showing.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stingray:x6:1
# text = A stingray hides under the sand with only its eyes showing.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	stingray	stingray	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	hides	hide	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	under	under	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	sand	sand	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	with	with	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	only	only	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
9	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
10	eyes	eye	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
11	showing	show	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	10	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hide** | present | a stingray |  |  | the sand |  | with stingray's eyes | vn concealment-16-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent under sand=Location |
| 2 | **show** | gerund | stingray's eyes *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In Australia we fed the stingrays at the beach.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stingray:x7:1
# text = In Australia we fed the stingrays at the beach.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	Australia	Australia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
3	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
4	fed	feed	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	stingrays	stingray	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
7	at	at	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	beach	beach	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **feed** | past | we | the stingrays |  | Australia |  | at the beach | vn fit-54.3 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent stingray=Value in australia=Location |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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