---
title: stonefish — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «stonefish» in the school dictionary: A fish of warm shallow seas (Indian and Pacific Oceans, including northern Australia) that looks exactly like a rock or lump of coral and has very venomous spines on its back; it is one of the most venomous fish in the world. Every meaning for a pupil with its d
---

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# stonefish

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** fish, stonefish, you, stonefish sting, Hot water · **What happens:** look, have, be, wear, step, hide · **To what, where:** venomous spines, back, one, reef shoes, stonefish, seabed

<!-- .vabout -->
«stonefish» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [stonefish in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/stonefish.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A fish of warm shallow seas (Indian and Pacific Oceans, including northern Australia) that looks exactly like a rock or lump of coral and has very venomous spines on its back; it is one of the most venomous fish in the world.

<!-- fold The tree, 42 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stonefish:m1:1
# text = A fish of warm shallow seas (Indian and Pacific Oceans, including northern Australia) that looks exactly like a rock or lump of coral and has very venomous spines on its back; it is one of the most venomous fish in the world.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	fish	fish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	38	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	warm	warm	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
5	shallow	shallow	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	seas	sea	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
7	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	Indian	Indian	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
10	Pacific	Pacific	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
11	Oceans	Ocean	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
13	including	including	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	northern	northern	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	Australia	Australia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	8	punct	_	_
17	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	18	nsubj	_	_
18	looks	look	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	acl:relcl	_	_
19	exactly	exactly	ADV	RB	_	18	advmod	_	_
20	like	like	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
21	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
22	rock	rock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obl	_	_
23	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	24	cc	_	_
24	lump	lump	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	conj	_	_
25	of	of	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
26	coral	coral	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	nmod	_	_
27	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	28	cc	_	_
28	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	18	conj	_	_
29	very	very	ADV	RB	_	30	advmod	_	_
30	venomous	venomous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	31	amod	_	_
31	spines	spine	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	28	obj	_	_
32	on	on	ADP	IN	_	34	case	_	_
33	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	34	nmod:poss	_	_
34	back	back	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	31	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
35	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	38	punct	_	_
36	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	38	nsubj	_	_
37	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	38	cop	_	_
38	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	0	root	_	_
39	of	of	ADP	IN	_	43	case	_	_
40	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	43	det	_	_
41	most	most	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	42	advmod	_	_
42	venomous	venomous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	43	amod	_	_
43	fish	fish	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	38	nmod	_	_
44	in	in	ADP	IN	_	46	case	_	_
45	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	46	det	_	_
46	world	world	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	43	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
47	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	38	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **look** | present | a fish of warm shallow seas |  |  |  |  | like a rock or lump of coral; exactly *property* | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus |
| 2 | **have** | present | a fish of warm shallow seas *not said here* | venomous spines |  | fish's back |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent spine=Patient |
| 3 | **is a** | present | a fish of warm shallow seas | one |  |  |  | of the venomous fish in the world | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The stonefish looks just like a rock.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stonefish:x1:1
# text = The stonefish looks just like a rock.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	stonefish	stonefish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	looks	look	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	just	just	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
5	like	like	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	rock	rock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **look** | present | the stonefish |  |  |  |  | like a rock | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Wear reef shoes in case you step on a stonefish.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stonefish:x2:1
# text = Wear reef shoes in case you step on a stonefish.
1	Wear	wear	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	reef	reef	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	shoes	shoe	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
4	in	in	SCONJ	IN	ExtPos=SCONJ	7	mark	_	_
5	case	case	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	fixed	_	_
6	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
7	step	step	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	1	advcl	_	_
8	on	on	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	stonefish	stonefish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **wear** | imperative | you *not said here* | reef shoes |  |  |  |  | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent shoe=Theme |
| 2 | **step** | present | you |  |  | a stonefish |  |  | vn run-51.3.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on stonefish=Trajectory |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A stonefish sting is very painful.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stonefish:x3:1
# text = A stonefish sting is very painful.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	stonefish	stonefish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	sting	sting	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	very	very	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	painful	painful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | a stonefish sting |  |  |  |  | painful *property* | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Stonefish hide on the seabed and catch passing fish.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stonefish:x4:1
# text = Stonefish hide on the seabed and catch passing fish.
1	Stonefish	stonefish	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	hide	hide	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	on	on	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	seabed	seabed	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	catch	catch	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
8	passing	pass	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	9	amod	_	_
9	fish	fish	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hide** | present | Stonefish |  |  | the seabed |  |  | vn concealment-16-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent on seabed=Location |
| 2 | **catch** | present | Stonefish *not said here* | passing fish |  |  |  |  | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent fish=Theme |
| 3 | **pass** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The stonefish is one of the most venomous fish in the world.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stonefish:x5:1
# text = The stonefish is one of the most venomous fish in the world.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	stonefish	stonefish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
7	most	most	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	8	advmod	_	_
8	venomous	venomous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	fish	fish	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	_
10	in	in	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	world	world	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the stonefish | one |  |  |  | of the venomous fish in the world | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Hot water helps ease the pain of a stonefish sting until you reach a hospital.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stonefish:x6:1
# text = Hot water helps ease the pain of a stonefish sting until you reach a hospital.
1	Hot	hot	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	helps	help	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	ease	ease	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	pain	pain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	stonefish	stonefish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	_
10	sting	sting	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
11	until	until	SCONJ	IN	_	13	mark	_	_
12	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	13	nsubj	_	_
13	reach	reach	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	advcl	_	_
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	hospital	hospital	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **help** | present | Hot water |  |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 2 | **ease** | infinitive | Hot water *not said here* | the pain of a stonefish sting |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent pain=Patient |
| 3 | **reach** | present | you | a hospital |  |  |  |  | vn body\_motion-49.2-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Agent hospital=Theme |
| 4 | **pain** |  |  | a stonefish sting |  |  |  |  | nom pain «state transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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