---
title: stony — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «stony» in the school dictionary: Stony means full of stones or covered with stones. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# stony

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Stony, stony look, We, farmer, path, Mum · **What happens:** mean, cover, be, show, walk, not grow · **To what, where:** kind feeling, stony beach, stony field, stony look, me, window · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«stony» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [stony in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/stony.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Stony means full of stones or covered with stones.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stony:m1:1
# text = Stony means full of stones or covered with stones.
1	Stony	Stony	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	full	full	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	xcomp	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	stones	stone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	covered	cover	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	conj	_	_
8	with	with	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	stones	stone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Stony |  |  |  |  | full *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **cover** | participle | Stony *not said here* |  |  |  |  | with stones | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent with stone=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Stony means hard like stone.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stony:m2:1
# text = Stony means hard like stone.
1	Stony	Stony	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	xcomp	_	_
4	like	like	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	stone	stone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Stony |  |  |  |  | hard *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A stony look, face or silence is cold and shows no kind feeling.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stony:m3:1
# text = A stony look, face or silence is cold and shows no kind feeling.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	stony	stony	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	look	look	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	face	face	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	silence	silence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
8	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
9	cold	cold	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	shows	show	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	conj	_	_
12	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	14	det	_	_
13	kind	kind	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	feeling	feeling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | a stony look and face or silence |  |  |  |  | cold *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **show** | present | a stony look and face or silence *not said here* | no kind feeling |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent feeling=Recipient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We walked along the stony beach in our sandals.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stony:x1:1
# text = We walked along the stony beach in our sandals.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	walked	walk	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	along	along	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	stony	stony	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	beach	beach	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	sandals	sandal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **walk** | past | We |  |  | the stony beach in our sandals |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme along beach=Trajectory |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The farmer could not grow much in the stony field.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stony:x2:1
# text = The farmer could not grow much in the stony field.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	farmer	farmer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	could	could	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
4	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	5	advmod	_	_
5	grow	grow	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
6	much	much	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	stony	stony	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	field	field	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **grow** | could | the farmer |  |  | the stony field |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in field=Location |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The path up the hill was steep and stony.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stony:x3:1
# text = The path up the hill was steep and stony.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	path	path	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	up	up	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	hill	hill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
7	steep	steep	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	stony	stony	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the path up the hill |  |  |  |  | steep *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **be** |  | the path up the hill *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Mum gave me a stony look when I came home late.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stony:x4:1
# text = Mum gave me a stony look when I came home late.
1	Mum	mum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	gave	give	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	iobj	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	stony	stony	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	look	look	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
7	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	9	advmod	_	_
8	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
9	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	advcl	_	_
10	home	home	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
11	late	late	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	9	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | past | Mum | a stony look | me |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent i=Recipient look=Theme |
| 2 | **come** | past | I |  |  |  |  | home, late *property* | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
There was a stony silence after the teacher asked who broke the window.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stony:x5:1
# text = There was a stony silence after the teacher asked who broke the window.
1	There	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	2	expl	_	_
2	was	be	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	stony	stony	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	silence	silence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
6	after	after	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	teacher	teacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
9	asked	ask	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	csubj	_	_
10	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	11	nsubj	_	_
11	broke	break	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	ccomp	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	window	window	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **be** | past | a stony silence |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **ask** *speech: ask* | past | the teacher |  |  |  |  |  | vn inquire-37.1.2 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **break** | past |  | the window |  |  |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer window=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The headteacher listened stony-faced.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stony:x6:1
# text = The headteacher listened stony-faced.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	headteacher	headteacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	listened	listen	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	stony	stony	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	faced	faced	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **listen** | past | the headteacher |  |  |  |  | faced *property* | vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My idea fell on stony ground; nobody liked it.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stony:x7:1
# text = My idea fell on stony ground; nobody liked it.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	idea	idea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	fell	fall	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	on	on	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	stony	stony	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	ground	ground	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	9	punct	_	_
8	nobody	nobody	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Neg	9	nsubj	_	_
9	liked	like	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
10	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fall** | past | My idea |  |  | stony ground |  |  | vn occur-48.3 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme on ground=Location |
| 2 | **like** | past | nobody | idea |  |  |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot it=Theme |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Plants with long roots can live in stony soil.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stony:x8:1
# text = Plants with long roots can live in stony soil.
1	Plants	plant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
2	with	with	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	roots	root	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	nmod	_	_
5	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
6	live	live	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	stony	stony	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	soil	soil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **live** | can | Plants with long roots |  |  | stony soil |  |  | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in soil=Location |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
While the donkeys galloped along the stony road, the Marionette fancied he heard a very quiet voice whispering to him:

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stony:x9:1
# text = While the donkeys galloped along the stony road, the Marionette fancied he heard a very quiet voice whispering to him:
1	While	while	SCONJ	IN	_	4	mark	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	donkeys	donkey	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
4	galloped	gallop	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	12	advcl	_	_
5	along	along	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	stony	stony	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	road	road	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	Marionette	Marionette	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	nsubj	_	_
12	fancied	fancy	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
13	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	14	nsubj	_	_
14	heard	hear	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	12	ccomp	_	_
15	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
16	very	very	ADV	RB	_	17	advmod	_	_
17	quiet	quiet	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	voice	voice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obj	_	_
19	whispering	whisper	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	18	acl	_	_
20	to	to	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
21	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	19	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	12	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **gallop** | past | the donkeys |  |  | the stony road |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme along road=Trajectory |
| 2 | **fancy** | past | the Marionette |  |  |  |  |  | vn admire-31.2 «NP V that S»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus |
| 3 | **hear** | past | he | a quiet voice |  |  |  |  | vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer voice=Stimulus |
| 4 | **whisper** *speech: assert* | gerund | a quiet voice *not said here* |  | him *= he* |  |  |  | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V PP.recipient»: agent=Agent to he=Recipient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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