---
title: stratum — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «stratum» in the school dictionary: A stratum is one layer of rock or soil lying on top of another. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# stratum

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** stratum, soil, Grand Canyon, lowest stratum, thin stratum, formal book · **What happens:** be, lie, find, show, come, form · **To what, where:** one layer, top, layer, level, different colour, fossil

<!-- .vabout -->
«stratum» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [stratum in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/stratum.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: science — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A stratum is one layer of rock or soil lying on top of another.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stratum:m1:1
# text = A stratum is one layer of rock or soil lying on top of another.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	stratum	stratum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	5	nummod	_	_
5	layer	layer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	rock	rock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
8	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	soil	soil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	_
10	lying	lie	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	9	acl	_	_
11	on	on	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	top	top	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	_
13	of	of	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	another	another	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	12	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a stratum | one layer |  |  |  | of rock or soil | tree rules |
| 2 | **lie** | gerund | soil *not said here* |  |  | top of another |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent on top=Location |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A stratum is a layer of anything, such as the air or the sea.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stratum:m2:1
# text = A stratum is a layer of anything, such as the air or the sea.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	stratum	stratum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	layer	layer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	anything	anything	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
9	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	12	case	_	_
10	as	as	ADP	IN	_	9	fixed	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
13	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a stratum | a layer and the air or the sea |  |  |  | of anything | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: formal — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A stratum is a level or class of people in a society.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stratum:m3:1
# text = A stratum is a level or class of people in a society.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	stratum	stratum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	level	level	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	class	class	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nmod	_	_
10	in	in	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	society	society	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a stratum | a level or class of people in a society |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Each stratum of rock in the cliff was a different colour.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stratum:x1:1
# text = Each stratum of rock in the cliff was a different colour.
1	Each	each	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	2	det	_	_
2	stratum	stratum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	rock	rock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	cliff	cliff	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
8	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	11	cop	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	different	different	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	colour	colour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | each stratum of rock in the cliff | a different colour |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The fossil was found in a stratum of limestone.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stratum:x2:1
# text = The fossil was found in a stratum of limestone.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	fossil	fossil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	found	find	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	stratum	stratum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	limestone	limestone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **find** | past · passive |  | the fossil |  | a stratum of limestone |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: subject=Topic |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Grand Canyon shows hundreds of strata.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stratum:x3:1
# text = The Grand Canyon shows hundreds of strata.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	Grand	Grand	PROPN	NNP	_	3	compound	_	_
3	Canyon	Canyon	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	shows	show	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	hundreds	hundred	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	strata	strata	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | present | the Grand Canyon | hundreds of strata |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent hundred=Recipient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The lowest stratum of rock is usually the oldest.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stratum:x4:1
# text = The lowest stratum of rock is usually the oldest.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	lowest	low	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	3	amod	_	_
3	stratum	stratum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	rock	rock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
7	usually	usually	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	oldest	old	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the lowest stratum of rock |  |  |  |  | old, usually *property* | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A thin stratum of ash came from an ancient volcano.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stratum:x5:1
# text = A thin stratum of ash came from an ancient volcano.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	thin	thin	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	stratum	stratum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	ash	ash	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
6	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	from	from	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	ancient	ancient	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	volcano	volcano	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | past | a thin stratum of ash |  |  | a ancient volcano |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from volcano=Initial\_Location |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
(formal) The book is about people from every stratum of society.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stratum:x6:1
# text = (formal) The book is about people from every stratum of society.
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	formal	formal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
4	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	book	book	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
7	about	about	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
9	from	from	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	11	det	_	_
11	stratum	stratum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	society	society	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the formal book |  |  | every stratum of society |  | about people | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Clouds can form in a stratum of cold air.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stratum:x7:1
# text = Clouds can form in a stratum of cold air.
1	Clouds	cloud	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
2	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	form	form	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	stratum	stratum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	cold	cold	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **form** | can | Clouds |  |  | a stratum of cold air |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in stratum=Location |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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