---
title: stub — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «stub» in the school dictionary: The short end left after most of something has been used, like a pencil stub or a candle stub. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# stub

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** small part, you, I, toe, He, Wikipedia page · **What happens:** leave, use, cheque, keep, hit, stub out · **To what, where:** short end, toe, cigarette, bed, ticket stub, concert · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«stub» in the school dictionary: its 5 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [stub in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/stub.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The short end left after most of something has been used, like a pencil stub or a candle stub.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stub:m1:1
# text = The short end left after most of something has been used, like a pencil stub or a candle stub.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	short	short	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	end	end	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	left	leave	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	acl	_	_
5	after	after	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	most	most	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	4	obl	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	6	nmod	_	_
9	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	aux	_	_
10	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	11	aux:pass	_	_
11	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
13	like	like	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
15	pencil	pencil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	compound	_	_
16	stub	stub	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	_
17	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
18	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
19	candle	candle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	compound	_	_
20	stub	stub	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **leave** | participle |  | the short end *not said here* |  |  | after most of something |  | vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **use** | present · perfect · passive |  | the short end |  |  |  | like a pencil stub or a candle stub | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The small part of a ticket or cheque you keep as a record.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stub:m2:1
# text = The small part of a ticket or cheque you keep as a record.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	part	part	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	ticket	ticket	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	cheque	cheque	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
9	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
10	keep	keep	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	ccomp	_	_
11	as	as	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	record	record	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cheque** | infinitive | the small part of a ticket |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **keep** | present | you |  |  |  |  | as a record | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To hit your toe by accident against something hard.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stub:m3:1
# text = To hit your toe by accident against something hard.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	hit	hit	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	toe	toe	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	accident	accident	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
7	against	against	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	obl	_	_
9	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hit** | to-infinitive |  | your toe |  |  |  | by accident; against something | vn hit-18.1-1 «NP V NP PP»: agent=Agent toe=Instrument against something=Patient |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«Stub out» means to put out a cigarette by pressing it down.

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stub:m4:1
# text = «Stub out» means to put out a cigarette by pressing it down.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Stub	stub	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	5	nsubj	_	_
3	out	out	ADP	RP	_	2	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
5	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	put	put	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	xcomp	_	_
8	out	out	ADP	RP	_	7	compound:prt	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	cigarette	cigarette	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
11	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	12	mark	_	_
12	pressing	press	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	7	advcl	_	_
13	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	12	obj	_	_
14	down	down	ADP	RP	_	12	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stub out** *in a quote* | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer |
| 2 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **put out** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive |  | a cigarette |  |  |  |  | vn invest-13.5.4-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent cigarette=Goal |
| 4 | **press down** | gerund |  | cigarette |  |  |  |  | vn push-12-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme |

## Meaning 5 {#m5}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: computing — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A short, unfinished piece of writing or code.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stub:m5:1
# text = A short, unfinished piece of writing or code.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
2	short	short	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	unfinished	unfinished	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	piece	piece	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	writing	writing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
8	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	code	code	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I stubbed my toe on the bed and it really hurt.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stub:x1:1
# text = I stubbed my toe on the bed and it really hurt.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	stubbed	stub	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	toe	toe	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	bed	bed	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
9	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
10	really	really	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
11	hurt	hurt	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stub** | past | I | my toe |  | the bed |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer toe=Patient |
| 2 | **hurt** | past | toe |  |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP-PRO-ARB»: agent=Stimulus |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I kept the ticket stub from the concert.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stub:x2:1
# text = I kept the ticket stub from the concert.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	kept	keep	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	ticket	ticket	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	stub	stub	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	from	from	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	concert	concert	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **keep** | past | I | the ticket stub |  | the concert |  |  | vn forbid-64.4 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Causer stub=Beneficiary from concert=Eventuality |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He wrote with a tiny stub of a pencil.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stub:x3:1
# text = He wrote with a tiny stub of a pencil.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	wrote	write	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	with	with	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	tiny	tiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	stub	stub	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	pencil	pencil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **write** | past | He |  |  |  |  | with a tiny stub of a pencil | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Only a stub of the candle was left.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stub:x4:1
# text = Only a stub of the candle was left.
1	Only	only	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	stub	stub	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	candle	candle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
7	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux:pass	_	_
8	left	leave	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **leave** | past · passive |  | a stub of the candle |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Ouch! I just stubbed my toe on the door.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* Ouch!

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stub:x5:1
# text = Ouch!
1	Ouch	ouch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* I just stubbed my toe on the door.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stub:x5:2
# text = I just stubbed my toe on the door.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	just	just	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
3	stubbed	stub	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	toe	toe	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	on	on	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	door	door	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stub** | past | I | my toe |  | the door |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer toe=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Keep the stub as proof that you paid.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stub:x6:1
# text = Keep the stub as proof that you paid.
1	Keep	keep	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	stub	stub	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	as	as	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	proof	proof	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
6	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
7	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
8	paid	pay	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	1	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **keep** | imperative | you *not said here* | the stub |  |  |  | as proof | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent stub=Theme |
| 2 | **pay** | past | you |  |  |  |  |  | vn pay-68-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Wikipedia page was only a stub with two lines.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stub:x7:1
# text = The Wikipedia page was only a stub with two lines.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	Wikipedia	Wikipedia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	page	page	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
5	only	only	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	stub	stub	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	with	with	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	10	nummod	_	_
10	lines	line	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | the Wikipedia page | a stub |  |  |  | with two lines | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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