---
title: stud — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «stud» in the school dictionary: A stud is a small piece of metal or plastic sticking out of a surface, like the studs on football boots or on a jacket. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# stud

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** stud, plastic, small earring, football boots, She, you · **What happens:** be, stick out, sit, hang down, keep, stud · **To what, where:** small piece, surface, small earring, earlobe, farm, horses

<!-- .vabout -->
«stud» in the school dictionary: its 5 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [stud in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/stud.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A stud is a small piece of metal or plastic sticking out of a surface, like the studs on football boots or on a jacket.

<!-- fold The tree, 25 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stud:m1:1
# text = A stud is a small piece of metal or plastic sticking out of a surface, like the studs on football boots or on a jacket.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	stud	stud	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	piece	piece	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	metal	metal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	plastic	plastic	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	_
11	sticking	stick	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	10	acl	_	_
12	out	out	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
13	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	surface	surface	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
17	like	like	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	studs	stud	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obl	_	_
20	on	on	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
21	football	football	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	compound	_	_
22	boots	boot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	nmod	_	_
23	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	26	cc	_	_
24	on	on	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
25	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
26	jacket	jacket	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a stud | a small piece |  |  |  | of metal or plastic | tree rules |
| 2 | **stick out** | gerund | plastic *not said here* | a surface |  |  |  | like the studs on football boots or a jacket | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent surface=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A stud is a small earring that sits on the earlobe without hanging down.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stud:m2:1
# text = A stud is a small earring that sits on the earlobe without hanging down.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	stud	stud	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	earring	earring	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
8	sits	sit	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	acl:relcl	_	_
9	on	on	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	earlobe	earlobe	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	_
12	without	without	SCONJ	IN	_	13	mark	_	_
13	hanging	hang	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	8	advcl	_	_
14	down	down	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a stud | a small earring |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **sit** | present | a small earring |  |  | the earlobe |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent on earlobe=Location |
| 3 | **hang down** | gerund | a small earring *not said here* |  |  |  |  | down *property* | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A stud is a farm where horses are kept for breeding.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stud:m3:1
# text = A stud is a farm where horses are kept for breeding.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	stud	stud	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	farm	farm	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	9	advmod	_	_
7	horses	horse	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nsubj:pass	_	_
8	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux:pass	_	_
9	kept	keep	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	acl:relcl	_	_
10	for	for	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	breeding	breeding	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a stud | a farm |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **keep** | present · passive |  | horses |  |  |  | for breeding | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To be studded with something is to be covered with many small bits of it, like a sky studded with stars.

<!-- fold The tree, 21 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stud:m4:1
# text = To be studded with something is to be covered with many small bits of it, like a sky studded with stars.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	3	mark	_	_
2	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	studded	stud	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	with	with	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
5	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	9	nsubj:pass	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux:pass	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	9	mark	_	_
8	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	9	aux:pass	_	_
9	covered	cover	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	advcl	_	_
10	with	with	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
11	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
12	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	bits	bit	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obl	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
17	like	like	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	sky	sky	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
20	studded	stud	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	19	acl	_	_
21	with	with	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
22	stars	star	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stud** | to-infinitive · passive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn fill-9.8 «NP V NP» |
| 2 | **cover** | present · passive |  | something |  |  |  | with many small bits of it; like a sky | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: subject=Destination with bit=Theme |
| 3 | **stud** | participle |  | a sky *not said here* |  |  |  | with stars | vn fill-9.8 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent with star=Theme |

## Meaning 5 {#m5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A stud can also be the whole group of horses kept together for breeding.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stud:m5:1
# text = A stud can also be the whole group of horses kept together for breeding.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	stud	stud	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
3	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
4	also	also	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
5	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	cop	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	whole	whole	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	group	group	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	horses	horse	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nmod	_	_
11	kept	keep	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	acl	_	_
12	together	together	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
13	for	for	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	breeding	breeding	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | can | a stud | the whole group |  |  |  | of horses | tree rules |
| 2 | **keep together** | participle |  | horses *not said here* |  |  |  | for breeding; together *property* | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My football boots have twelve studs.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stud:x1:1
# text = My football boots have twelve studs.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
2	football	football	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	boots	boot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
4	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	twelve	twelve	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
6	studs	stud	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | My football boots | twelve studs |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent stud=Patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She wears tiny silver studs in her ears.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stud:x2:1
# text = She wears tiny silver studs in her ears.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	wears	wear	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	tiny	tiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
4	silver	silver	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	studs	stud	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	ears	ear	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **wear** | present | She | tiny silver studs |  | her ears |  |  | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.source»: agent=Agent stud=Source |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Clean the mud out of your studs.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stud:x3:1
# text = Clean the mud out of your studs.
1	Clean	clean	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	mud	mud	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	out	out	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	studs	stud	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **clean** | imperative | you *not said here* | the mud |  | your studs |  |  | vn clear-10.3 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent mud=Theme out stud=Source |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The jacket was covered in metal studs.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stud:x4:1
# text = The jacket was covered in metal studs.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	jacket	jacket	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	covered	cover	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	metal	metal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	studs	stud	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cover** | past · passive |  | the jacket |  |  |  | in metal studs | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: subject=Destination in stud=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The night sky was studded with stars.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stud:x5:1
# text = The night sky was studded with stars.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	night	night	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	sky	sky	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	studded	stud	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	with	with	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	stars	star	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stud** | past · passive |  | the night sky |  |  |  | with stars | vn fill-9.8 «NP V NP PP.theme»: subject=Destination with star=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The racehorse came from a famous stud.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stud:x6:1
# text = The racehorse came from a famous stud.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	racehorse	racehorse	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	from	from	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	famous	famous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	stud	stud	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | past | the racehorse |  |  | a famous stud |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from stud=Initial\_Location |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The crown was studded with rubies.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stud:x7:1
# text = The crown was studded with rubies.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	crown	crown	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	studded	stud	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	rubies	ruby	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stud** | past · passive |  | the crown |  |  |  | with rubies | vn fill-9.8 «NP V NP PP.theme»: subject=Destination with ruby=Theme |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Nothing now remained to be done but to drive the whole stud to the emperor’s court.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stud:x8:1
# text = Nothing now remained to be done but to drive the whole stud to the emperor’s court.
1	Nothing	nothing	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Neg	3	nsubj	_	_
2	now	now	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	3	advmod	_	_
3	remained	remain	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
5	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	aux:pass	_	_
6	done	do	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	xcomp	_	_
7	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
8	to	to	PART	TO	_	9	mark	_	_
9	drive	drive	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	conj	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	whole	whole	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	stud	stud	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	_
13	to	to	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	emperor	emperor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	’s	's	PART	POS	_	15	case	_	_
17	court	court	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **remain** | past | Nothing |  |  |  | now |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **do** | to-infinitive · passive | Nothing *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V» |
| 3 | **drive** | to-infinitive | Nothing *not said here* | the whole stud |  | the emperor's court |  |  | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2-1 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent stud=Theme to court=Trajectory |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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