---
title: stunted — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «stunted» in the school dictionary: Stunted means smaller or shorter than normal because growth has been stopped or slowed, often by poor food, illness or a hard place to live. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# stunted

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** plant, trees, Wind, results, Our, war · **What happens:** stunt, mean, stop, slow, live, describe · **To what, where:** growth, something, plant, dark, Children, plants · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«stunted» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [stunted in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/stunted.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Stunted means smaller or shorter than normal because growth has been stopped or slowed, often by poor food, illness or a hard place to live.

<!-- fold The tree, 25 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stunted:m1:1
# text = Stunted means smaller or shorter than normal because growth has been stopped or slowed, often by poor food, illness or a hard place to live.
1	Stunted	stunt	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	smaller	small	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	2	xcomp	_	_
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	shorter	short	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	3	conj	_	_
6	than	than	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	normal	normal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	obl	_	_
8	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	12	mark	_	_
9	growth	growth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nsubj	_	_
10	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	aux	_	_
11	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	12	aux:pass	_	_
12	stopped	stop	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	ccomp	_	_
13	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	slowed	slow	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
16	often	often	ADV	RB	_	19	advmod	_	_
17	by	by	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	poor	poor	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	_
19	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
21	illness	illness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	conj	_	_
22	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	25	cc	_	_
23	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
24	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	25	amod	_	_
25	place	place	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	conj	_	_
26	to	to	PART	TO	_	27	mark	_	_
27	live	live	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	25	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stunt** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  | small *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **stop** | present · perfect · passive |  | growth |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: subject=Eventuality |
| 4 | **slow** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 5 | **live** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Stunted can describe something that has not developed properly, like stunted progress.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stunted:m2:1
# text = Stunted can describe something that has not developed properly, like stunted progress.
1	Stunted	stunt	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	advcl	_	_
2	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	describe	describe	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	3	obj	_	_
5	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj:pass	_	_
6	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
7	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	8	advmod	_	_
8	developed	develop	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	acl:relcl	_	_
9	properly	properly	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
11	like	like	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	stunted	stunt	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	13	amod	_	_
13	progress	progress	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stunt** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **describe** | can |  | something |  |  |  |  | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent something=Theme |
| 3 | **not** **develop** | present · perfect · passive |  |  |  |  |  | properly *property* | vn build-26.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Product |
| 4 | **stunt** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The plant kept in the dark was pale and stunted.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stunted:x1:1
# text = The plant kept in the dark was pale and stunted.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	plant	plant	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
3	kept	keep	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	dark	dark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
8	pale	pale	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	stunted	stunt	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **keep** | participle |  | the plant *not said here* |  | the dark |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent in dark=Location |
| 2 | **is** | past | the plant |  |  |  |  | pale *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **stunt** | participle | the plant *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
High on the mountain only stunted trees could grow.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stunted:x2:1
# text = High on the mountain only stunted trees could grow.
1	High	high	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
2	on	on	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	mountain	mountain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
5	only	only	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	stunted	stunt	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	1	advcl	_	_
7	trees	tree	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nsubj	_	_
8	could	could	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	_
9	grow	grow	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stunt** | past |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **grow** | could | trees |  |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Children without enough food can have stunted growth.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stunted:x3:1
# text = Children without enough food can have stunted growth.
1	Children	child	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	without	without	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	enough	enough	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	nmod	_	_
5	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
6	have	have	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	aux	_	_
7	stunted	stunt	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
8	growth	growth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stunt** | can · perfect · passive |  | Children without enough food |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Wind and salt left the trees stunted and bent.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stunted:x4:1
# text = Wind and salt left the trees stunted and bent.
1	Wind	wind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	salt	salt	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	conj	_	_
4	left	leave	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	trees	tree	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
7	stunted	stunt	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	ccomp	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	bent	bent	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **leave** | past | Wind and salt |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **stunt** | past | the trees |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Our results showed that plants with no water were stunted.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stunted:x5:1
# text = Our results showed that plants with no water were stunted.
1	Our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	results	result	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	showed	show	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
5	plants	plant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nsubj	_	_
6	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	8	det	_	_
8	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
9	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux:pass	_	_
10	stunted	stunt	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | past | Our results |  |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **stunt** | past · passive |  | plants with no water |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **result** |  | Our |  |  |  |  |  | nom result «phenomenon transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The war stunted the town's growth for many years.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stunted:x6:1
# text = The war stunted the town's growth for many years.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	war	war	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	stunted	stunt	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	town	town	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	's	's	PART	POS	_	5	case	_	_
7	growth	growth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
8	for	for	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stunt** | past | the war | the town's growth |  |  | year |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **grow** |  | the town |  |  |  |  |  | nom growth «process intransitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Just look! that rose is all slug-eaten, and this one is stunted!

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stunted:x7:1
# text = Just look! that rose is all slug-eaten, and this one is stunted!
1	Just	just	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
2	look	look	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
4	that	that	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	5	det	_	_
5	rose	rose	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
7	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	5	nmod	_	_
8	slug	slug	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	eaten	eat	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
13	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	14	det	_	_
14	one	one	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	nsubj:pass	_	_
15	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	16	aux:pass	_	_
16	stunted	stunt	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **look** | imperative | you *not said here* | that rose  all |  |  |  |  | vn seem-109-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme rose=Attribute |
| 2 | **eat** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **stunt** | present · passive |  | this one |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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