---
title: stunting — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «stunting» in the school dictionary: Stunting is when something, especially a child or a plant, does not grow as tall or as well as it should, often because of poor food, illness or lack of light. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# stunting

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Stunting, something, Lack, Charities, Smoking, children · **What happens:** be, not grow, lack, stunt, mean, stop · **To what, where:** something, light, growth, stunts, bean plants, sunlight

<!-- .vabout -->
«stunting» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [stunting in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/stunting.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Stunting is when something, especially a child or a plant, does not grow as tall or as well as it should, often because of poor food, illness or lack of light.

<!-- fold The tree, 31 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stunting:m1:1
# text = Stunting is when something, especially a child or a plant, does not grow as tall or as well as it should, often because of poor food, illness or lack of light.
1	Stunting	stunting	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	4	advmod	_	_
4	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
6	especially	especially	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	child	child	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	plant	plant	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
13	does	do	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	aux	_	_
14	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	15	advmod	_	_
15	grow	grow	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	parataxis	_	_
16	as	as	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	tall	tall	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	xcomp	_	_
18	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	23	cc	_	_
19	as	as	ADV	RB	ExtPos=CCONJ	23	cc	_	_
20	well	well	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	19	fixed	_	_
21	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	23	mark	_	_
22	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	23	nsubj	_	_
23	should	should	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	17	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	29	punct	_	_
25	often	often	ADV	RB	_	29	advmod	_	_
26	because	because	ADP	IN	ExtPos=ADP	29	case	_	_
27	of	of	ADP	IN	_	26	fixed	_	_
28	poor	poor	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	29	amod	_	_
29	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	31	punct	_	_
31	illness	illness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	29	conj	_	_
32	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	33	cc	_	_
33	lack	lack	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	29	conj	_	_
34	of	of	ADP	IN	_	35	case	_	_
35	light	light	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	33	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
36	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Stunting | something |  |  |  | a child or a plant *nmod* | tree rules |
| 2 | **not** **grow** | present · do-support |  |  |  |  |  | because poor food and illness or lack of light; tall *property* | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **lack** |  |  | light |  |  |  |  | nom lack «state transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
As a verb form, stunting means stopping or slowing something's growth or development.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stunting:m2:1
# text = As a verb form, stunting means stopping or slowing something's growth or development.
1	As	as	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	verb	verb	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	form	form	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
6	stunting	stunt	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	7	nsubj	_	_
7	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	stopping	stop	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	7	xcomp	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	slowing	slow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	8	conj	_	_
11	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	13	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	's	's	PART	POS	_	11	case	_	_
13	growth	growth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	_
14	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	development	development	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stunt** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  | as a verb form | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **stop** *not said to happen* | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality |
| 4 | **slow** | gerund |  | something's growth or development |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent growth=Patient |
| 5 | **grow** |  | something |  |  |  |  |  | nom growth «process intransitive»: poss=agent |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Stunting can also mean doing stunts: daring tricks on bikes, skateboards, cars or planes.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stunting:m3:1
# text = Stunting can also mean doing stunts: daring tricks on bikes, skateboards, cars or planes.
1	Stunting	stunt	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	nsubj	_	_
2	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
3	also	also	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	mean	mean	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	doing	do	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	xcomp	_	_
6	stunts	stunt	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	9	punct	_	_
8	daring	dare	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	9	amod	_	_
9	tricks	trick	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	parataxis	_	_
10	on	on	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	bikes	bike	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
13	skateboards	skateboard	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
15	cars	car	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	conj	_	_
16	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
17	planes	plane	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stunt** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **mean** | can |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **do** *not said to happen* | gerund |  | stunts |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent stunt=Eventuality |
| 4 | **dare** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn urge-58.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Lack of sunlight caused stunting in our bean plants.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stunting:x1:1
# text = Lack of sunlight caused stunting in our bean plants.
1	Lack	lack	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	sunlight	sunlight	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	nmod	_	_
4	caused	cause	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	stunting	stunt	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	xcomp	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
8	bean	bean	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	plants	plant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cause** | past | Lack of sunlight |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **stunt** | gerund | Lack of sunlight *not said here* |  |  | our bean plants |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **lack** |  |  | sunlight |  |  |  |  | nom lack «state transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Charities work to reduce stunting in young children.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stunting:x2:1
# text = Charities work to reduce stunting in young children.
1	Charities	charity	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	work	work	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	to	to	PART	TO	_	4	mark	_	_
4	reduce	reduce	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
5	stunting	stunt	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	xcomp	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	young	young	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	children	child	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **work** | present | Charities |  |  |  |  |  | vn employment-95.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **reduce** | to-infinitive | Charities *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn limit-76 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Causer clause=Goal |
| 3 | **stunt** | gerund | Charities *not said here* |  |  |  |  | in young children | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Smoking around children risks stunting their lung growth.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stunting:x3:1
# text = Smoking around children risks stunting their lung growth.
1	Smoking	smoke	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	csubj	_	_
2	around	around	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	children	child	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obl	_	_
4	risks	risk	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	stunting	stunt	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	xcomp	_	_
6	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
7	lung	lung	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	growth	growth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **smoke** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | around children | vn eat-39.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **risk** | present | Smoking |  |  |  |  |  | vn risk-94-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 3 | **stunt** | gerund | Smoking *not said here* | children's lung growth |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **grow** |  | children *= child* |  |  |  |  |  | nom growth «process intransitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Bad food in early life can lead to stunting.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stunting:x4:1
# text = Bad food in early life can lead to stunting.
1	Bad	bad	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	early	early	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	life	life	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
7	lead	lead	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
8	to	to	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	stunting	stunting	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lead** | can | Bad food in early life |  |  |  |  | to stunting | vn result-27.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Precondition to stunting=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The cold winds were stunting the trees on the hill.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stunting:x5:1
# text = The cold winds were stunting the trees on the hill.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	cold	cold	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	winds	wind	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
4	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
5	stunting	stunt	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	trees	tree	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	_
8	on	on	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	hill	hill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stunt** | past · progressive | the cold winds | the trees |  | the hill |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The bikers were stunting in the car park.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stunting:x6:1
# text = The bikers were stunting in the car park.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	bikers	biker	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
3	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	stunting	stunt	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	car	car	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	park	park	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stunt** | past · progressive | the bikers |  |  | the car park |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Our class graph showed stunting in the plants without water.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stunting:x7:1
# text = Our class graph showed stunting in the plants without water.
1	Our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
2	class	class	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	graph	graph	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	showed	show	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	stunting	stunt	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	xcomp	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	plants	plant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	_
9	without	without	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | past | Our class graph |  |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **stunt** | gerund | Our class graph *not said here* |  |  | the plants |  | without water | tree rules |
| 3 | **graph** |  | Our |  |  |  |  |  | nom graph «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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