---
title: sturgeon — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «sturgeon» in the school dictionary: A sturgeon is a very large, old kind of fish with a long nose and rows of bony plates instead of normal scales, living in rivers and seas of the northern part of the world. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# sturgeon

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** sturgeon, normal scales, meat, Sturgeons, Many sturgeons, beluga sturgeon · **What happens:** be, live, make, have, swim up, lay · **To what, where:** large old kind, rivers, meat, eggs, caviar, bony plates

<!-- .vabout -->
«sturgeon» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [sturgeon in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/sturgeon.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A sturgeon is a very large, old kind of fish with a long nose and rows of bony plates instead of normal scales, living in rivers and seas of the northern part of the world.

<!-- fold The tree, 35 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sturgeon:m1:1
# text = A sturgeon is a very large, old kind of fish with a long nose and rows of bony plates instead of normal scales, living in rivers and seas of the northern part of the world.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	sturgeon	sturgeon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
5	very	very	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	large	large	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
8	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	kind	kind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	fish	fish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	_
12	with	with	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
14	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	nose	nose	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
17	rows	row	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	conj	_	_
18	of	of	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	bony	bony	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	amod	_	_
20	plates	plate	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	nmod	_	_
21	instead	instead	ADV	RB	ExtPos=ADP	24	case	_	_
22	of	of	ADP	IN	_	21	fixed	_	_
23	normal	normal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	24	amod	_	_
24	scales	scale	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
26	living	live	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	24	acl	_	_
27	in	in	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
28	rivers	river	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	26	obl	_	_
29	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	30	cc	_	_
30	seas	sea	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	28	conj	_	_
31	of	of	ADP	IN	_	34	case	_	_
32	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	34	det	_	_
33	northern	northern	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	34	amod	_	_
34	part	part	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	nmod	_	_
35	of	of	ADP	IN	_	37	case	_	_
36	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	37	det	_	_
37	world	world	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	34	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
38	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a sturgeon | a large old kind |  |  |  | of fish; with a long nose and rows of bony plates; instead normal scales | tree rules |
| 2 | **live** | gerund | normal scales *not said here* |  |  | rivers and seas of the northern part of the world |  |  | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in river=Location |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Sturgeon is also its meat as food; its eggs are made into caviar.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sturgeon:m2:1
# text = Sturgeon is also its meat as food; its eggs are made into caviar.
1	Sturgeon	sturgeon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	also	also	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
4	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	meat	meat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	as	as	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
9	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
10	eggs	egg	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	nsubj:pass	_	_
11	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	aux:pass	_	_
12	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	acl	_	_
13	into	into	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	caviar	caviar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Sturgeon | Sturgeon's meat |  |  |  | as food | tree rules |
| 2 | **make** | present · passive | Sturgeon's meat *not said here* | Sturgeon's eggs |  | caviar |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP.material PP.product»: subject=Material into caviar=Product |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A sturgeon can live for more than a hundred years.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sturgeon:x1:1
# text = A sturgeon can live for more than a hundred years.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	sturgeon	sturgeon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	live	live	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	for	for	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
6	more	more	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp|ExtPos=ADV	9	advmod	_	_
7	than	than	ADP	IN	_	6	fixed	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	hundred	hundred	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	10	nummod	_	_
10	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **live** | can | a sturgeon |  |  |  | year |  | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The sturgeon has bony plates along its back.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sturgeon:x2:1
# text = The sturgeon has bony plates along its back.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	sturgeon	sturgeon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	bony	bony	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	plates	plate	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	along	along	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	back	back	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | the sturgeon | bony plates |  |  |  | along sturgeon's back | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent plate=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Caviar is made from sturgeon eggs.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sturgeon:x3:1
# text = Caviar is made from sturgeon eggs.
1	Caviar	Caviar	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	from	from	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	sturgeon	sturgeon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	eggs	egg	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | present · passive |  | Caviar |  | sturgeon eggs |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V PP»: subject=Product from egg=Material |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Sturgeons swim up rivers to lay their eggs.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sturgeon:x4:1
# text = Sturgeons swim up rivers to lay their eggs.
1	Sturgeons	sturgeon	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	swim	swim	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	up	up	ADP	RP	_	2	compound:prt	_	_
4	rivers	river	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	lay	lay	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
7	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	eggs	egg	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **swim up** | present | Sturgeons | rivers |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme river=Trajectory |
| 2 | **lay** | to-infinitive | Sturgeons *not said here* | Sturgeons's eggs |  |  |  |  | vn create-26.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent egg=Result |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Many sturgeons are in danger because of overfishing.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sturgeon:x5:1
# text = Many sturgeons are in danger because of overfishing.
1	Many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	sturgeons	sturgeon	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	danger	danger	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	fixed	_	_
8	overfishing	overfish	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	5	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Many sturgeons |  |  | danger |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **overfish** | gerund | Many sturgeons *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The beluga sturgeon is one of the biggest fish in rivers.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sturgeon:x6:1
# text = The beluga sturgeon is one of the biggest fish in rivers.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	beluga	beluga	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	sturgeon	sturgeon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
5	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	biggest	big	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	9	amod	_	_
9	fish	fish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
10	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	rivers	river	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the beluga sturgeon | one |  |  |  | of the biggest fish in rivers | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The museum had a model of a giant sturgeon.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:sturgeon:x7:1
# text = The museum had a model of a giant sturgeon.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	museum	museum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	model	model	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	giant	giant	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	sturgeon	sturgeon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | the museum | a model of a giant sturgeon |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent model=Patient |
| 2 | **model** |  |  | a giant sturgeon |  |  |  |  | nom model «cognition transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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