---
title: stutter — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «stutter» in the school dictionary: To stutter is to speak with sudden stops or by repeating the first sounds of words, like «b-b-ball», without meaning to. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# stutter

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** stutter, way, people, engine, He, we · **What happens:** stutter, be, stop, repeat, mean, speak · **To what, where:** first sounds, way, short uneven bursts, stutter, him, sentences · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«stutter» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [stutter in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/stutter.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To stutter is to speak with sudden stops or by repeating the first sounds of words, like «b-b-ball», without meaning to.

<!-- fold The tree, 23 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stutter:m1:1
# text = To stutter is to speak with sudden stops or by repeating the first sounds of words, like «b-b-ball», without meaning to.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	stutter	stutter	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	csubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	speak	speak	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
6	with	with	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
7	sudden	sudden	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	stops	stop	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	advcl	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
10	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	11	mark	_	_
11	repeating	repeat	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	8	conj	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	first	first	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	14	amod	_	_
14	sounds	sound	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obj	_	_
15	of	of	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	24	punct	_	_
18	like	like	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
19	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	24	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	b	B	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	20	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	b	B	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	24	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	ball	ball	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	24	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	28	punct	_	_
27	without	without	SCONJ	IN	_	28	mark	_	_
28	meaning	mean	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	5	advcl	_	_
29	to	to	PART	TO	_	28	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stutter** *speech: other* | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **be** *speech: other* | present |  |  |  |  |  | speak *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **stop** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality |
| 4 | **repeat** | gerund |  | the first sounds of words |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 5 | **mean** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A stutter is this way of speaking, which some people have for a long time.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stutter:m2:1
# text = A stutter is this way of speaking, which some people have for a long time.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	stutter	stutter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	5	det	_	_
5	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
7	speaking	speak	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
9	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	12	obj	_	_
10	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	11	det	_	_
11	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	nsubj	_	_
12	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	_
13	for	for	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
15	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a stutter | this way |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **speak** *speech: other* | gerund | this way *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **have** | present | some people | this way |  |  | time |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent which=Patient |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
An engine or machine stutters when it runs in short, uneven bursts.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stutter:m3:1
# text = An engine or machine stutters when it runs in short, uneven bursts.
1	An	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	engine	engine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
3	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
4	machine	machine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	stutters	stutter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	conj	_	_
6	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	8	advmod	_	_
7	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
8	runs	run	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
10	short	short	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
12	uneven	uneven	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	bursts	burst	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **run** | present | a engine or machine stutters |  |  | short uneven bursts |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in burst=Trajectory |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He has a stutter, so we let him finish his sentences.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stutter:x1:1
# text = He has a stutter, so we let him finish his sentences.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	stutter	stutter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
6	so	so	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
7	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
8	let	let	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	parataxis	_	_
9	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	obj	_	_
10	finish	finish	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	xcomp	_	_
11	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	12	nmod:poss	_	_
12	sentences	sentence	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | He | a stutter |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent stutter=Patient |
| 2 | **let** | present | we | him *= he* |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **finish** | infinitive | him *= he* *not said here* | his sentences |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Subeventuality sentence=Eventuality |
| 4 | **sentence** |  | his *= he* |  |  |  |  |  | nom sentence «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«I-I-I don't know,» she stuttered.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stutter:x2:1
# text = «I-I-I don't know,» she stuttered.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	13	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	-	-	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
7	do	do	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	9	advmod	_	_
9	know	know	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	_
12	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	nsubj	_	_
13	stuttered	stutter	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	13	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **know** *in a quote* | present · do-support | I |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 2 | **stutter** *speech: other* | past |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A speech therapist helps children who stutter.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stutter:x3:1
# text = A speech therapist helps children who stutter.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	speech	speech	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	therapist	therapist	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	helps	help	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	children	child	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
6	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj	_	_
7	stutter	stutter	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **help** | present | a speech therapist |  | children |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent child=Beneficiary |
| 2 | **stutter** *speech: other* | present | children |  |  |  |  |  | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Never laugh at someone's stutter.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stutter:x4:1
# text = Never laugh at someone's stutter.
1	Never	never	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	2	advmod	_	_
2	laugh	laugh	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	at	at	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	6	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	's	's	PART	POS	_	4	case	_	_
6	stutter	stutter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **laugh** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  | someone's stutter |  |  | vn nonverbal\_expression-40.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **stutter** |  | someone |  |  |  |  |  | nom stutter «state transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The old car's engine stuttered and stopped.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stutter:x5:1
# text = The old car's engine stuttered and stopped.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	car	car	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	's	's	PART	POS	_	3	case	_	_
5	engine	engine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
6	stuttered	stutter	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	stopped	stop	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stutter** *speech: other* | past | the old car's engine |  |  |  |  |  | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **stop** | past | the old car's engine *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
When I am scared I sometimes stutter.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stutter:x6:1
# text = When I am scared I sometimes stutter.
1	When	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	4	mark	_	_
2	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
3	am	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	scared	scared	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
6	sometimes	sometimes	ADV	RB	PronType=Ind	7	advmod	_	_
7	stutter	stutter	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | I |  |  |  |  | scared *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **stutter** *speech: other* | present | I |  |  |  |  | sometimes *property* | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Many famous people have had a stutter.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stutter:x7:1
# text = Many famous people have had a stutter.
1	Many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
2	famous	famous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
4	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
5	had	have	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	stutter	stutter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present · perfect | Many famous people | a stutter |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent stutter=Patient |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
As soon as he regained the use of his senses, he said, trembling and stuttering from fright:

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:stutter:x8:1
# text = As soon as he regained the use of his senses, he said, trembling and stuttering from fright:
1	As	as	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
2	soon	soon	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	5	advmod	_	_
3	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	5	mark	_	_
4	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
5	regained	regain	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	use	use	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
10	senses	sens	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
12	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	nsubj	_	_
13	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
15	trembling	tremble	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	13	advcl	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
17	stuttering	stutter	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	15	conj	_	_
18	from	from	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	fright	fright	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **regain** | past | he | the use of his senses |  |  |  | soon *property* | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent use=Theme |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | he |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **tremble** | gerund | he *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn modes\_of\_being\_with\_motion-47.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 4 | **stutter** *speech: other* | gerund | he *not said here* |  |  | fright |  |  | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 5 | **use** |  |  | his senses |  |  |  |  | nom use «act transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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