---
title: substitution — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «substitution» in the school dictionary: A substitution is putting one person or thing in the place of another. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# substitution

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** substitution, player, coach, you, your, We · **What happens:** put, be, come on, mean, replace, work out · **To what, where:** one person, place, substitution, letter, expression, value

<!-- .vabout -->
«substitution» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [substitution in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/substitution.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A substitution is putting one person or thing in the place of another.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:substitution:m1:1
# text = A substitution is putting one person or thing in the place of another.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	substitution	substitution	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	putting	put	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
6	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	thing	thing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	place	place	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	another	another	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	11	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **put** | present · progressive | a substitution | one person or thing |  | the place of another |  |  | vn put-9.1-2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent person=Theme in place=Destination |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: sport — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A substitution is when a player is taken off and another player comes on.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:substitution:m2:1
# text = A substitution is when a player is taken off and another player comes on.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	substitution	substitution	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
4	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	8	mark	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	player	player	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux:pass	_	_
8	taken	take	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
9	off	off	ADP	RP	_	8	compound:prt	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
11	another	another	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	12	det	_	_
12	player	player	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nsubj	_	_
13	comes	come	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	conj	_	_
14	on	on	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present · passive |  | a substitution |  |  |  | take *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **come on** | present | another player |  |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: maths — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Substitution means replacing a letter in an expression or formula with a number, to work out its value.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:substitution:m3:1
# text = Substitution means replacing a letter in an expression or formula with a number, to work out its value.
1	Substitution	substitution	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	replacing	replace	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	xcomp	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	letter	letter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	expression	expression	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	formula	formula	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	_
11	with	with	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	number	number	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
15	to	to	PART	TO	_	16	mark	_	_
16	work	work	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	conj	_	_
17	out	out	ADP	RP	_	16	compound:prt	_	_
18	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	19	nmod:poss	_	_
19	value	value	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Substitution |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **replace** *not said to happen* | gerund | Substitution *not said here* | a letter |  | a expression or formula |  | with a number | vn substitute-13.6.2-1 «NP V NP PP.co-theme»: agent=Theme letter=Location with number=Co-Theme |
| 3 | **work out** | to-infinitive | Substitution *not said here* | Substitution's value |  |  |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent value=Topic |
| 4 | **value** |  | Substitution |  |  |  |  |  | nom value «cognition transitive»: poss=agent |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: cooking — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A substitution is using a different ingredient instead of the one in the recipe.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:substitution:m4:1
# text = A substitution is using a different ingredient instead of the one in the recipe.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	substitution	substitution	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	using	use	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	different	different	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	ingredient	ingredient	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
8	instead	instead	ADV	RB	ExtPos=ADP	11	case	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	fixed	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	one	one	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
12	in	in	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	recipe	recipe	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | present · progressive | a substitution | a different ingredient |  |  |  | instead the one in the recipe | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ingredient=Patient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The coach made a substitution at half-time.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:substitution:x1:1
# text = The coach made a substitution at half-time.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	coach	coach	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	substitution	substitution	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	at	at	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	half	half	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing|NumForm=Word|NumType=Frac	9	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past | the coach | a substitution |  |  | time |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset substitution=Product |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
By substitution, if x = 4, then 3x = 12.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:substitution:x2:1
# text = By substitution, if x = 4, then 3x = 12.
1	By	by	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	substitution	substitution	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	if	if	SCONJ	IN	_	13	mark	_	_
5	x	x	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nsubj	_	_
6	=	=	SYM	SYM	_	7	case	_	_
7	4	4	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
9	then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	11	advmod	_	_
10	3	3	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	11	nummod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	x	x	SYM	SYM	ExtPos=ADP	13	nsubj	_	_
12	=	=	SYM	SYM	_	13	case	_	_
13	12	12	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	13	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Use substitution to check your answer to the equation.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:substitution:x3:1
# text = Use substitution to check your answer to the equation.
1	Use	use	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	substitution	substitution	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
3	to	to	PART	TO	_	4	mark	_	_
4	check	check	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	advcl	_	_
5	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	answer	answer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	to	to	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	equation	equation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | imperative | you *not said here* | substitution |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent substitution=Patient |
| 2 | **check** | to-infinitive | you *not said here* | your answer |  |  |  | to the equation | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent answer=Theme |
| 3 | **answer** |  | your |  |  |  |  |  | nom answer «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We used honey as a substitution for sugar.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:substitution:x4:1
# text = We used honey as a substitution for sugar.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	used	use	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	honey	honey	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	as	as	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	substitution	substitution	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
7	for	for	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	sugar	sugar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | past | We | honey |  |  |  | as a substitution for sugar | vn spend\_time-104 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Agent honey=Duration as substitution=Attribute |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In a substitution cipher, A might become D and B might become E.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:substitution:x5:1
# text = In a substitution cipher, A might become D and B might become E.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	substitution	substitution	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	cipher	cipher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
6	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	might	might	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
8	become	become	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	D	D	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	13	nsubj	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	B	B	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	_
12	might	might	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	13	aux	_	_
13	become	become	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	ccomp	_	_
14	E.	E.	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	13	xcomp	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **become** | might |  |  |  | a substitution cipher |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **become** | might | D and B |  |  |  |  |  | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Two substitutions changed the whole match.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:substitution:x6:1
# text = Two substitutions changed the whole match.
1	Two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	2	nummod	_	_
2	substitutions	substitution	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	changed	change	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	whole	whole	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	match	match	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **change** | past | Two substitutions | the whole match |  |  |  |  | vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent match=Patient |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Substitution of the ingredients made the cake taste different.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:substitution:x7:1
# text = Substitution of the ingredients made the cake taste different.
1	Substitution	substitution	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	ingredients	ingredient	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	nmod	_	_
5	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	cake	cake	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	taste	taste	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
9	different	different	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past | Substitution of the ingredients | the cake taste |  |  |  | different *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset taste=Product |
| 2 | **substitute** |  | the ingredients |  |  |  |  |  | nom substitution «event intransitive»: of=agent |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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