---
title: suffix — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «suffix» in the school dictionary: A suffix is a group of letters added to the end of a word to make a new word or change how it is used, like -ful in «hopeful», -ness in «kindness» or -ed in «jumped». Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# suffix

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** suffix, ed, you, ly, Adding, suffix er · **What happens:** be, add, make, change, use, jump · **To what, where:** group, letters, new word, suffix, maths, number · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«suffix» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [suffix in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/suffix.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A suffix is a group of letters added to the end of a word to make a new word or change how it is used, like -ful in «hopeful», -ness in «kindness» or -ed in «jumped».

<!-- fold The tree, 36 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:suffix:m1:1
# text = A suffix is a group of letters added to the end of a word to make a new word or change how it is used, like -ful in «hopeful», -ness in «kindness» or -ed in «jumped».
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	suffix	suffix	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	group	group	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	letters	letter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	_
8	added	add	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	acl	_	_
9	to	to	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	end	end	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	_
15	to	to	PART	TO	_	16	mark	_	_
16	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	advcl	_	_
17	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
18	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	_
19	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obj	_	_
20	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
21	change	change	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	16	conj	_	_
22	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	25	advmod	_	_
23	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	25	nsubj:pass	_	_
24	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	25	aux:pass	_	_
25	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	21	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	29	punct	_	_
27	like	like	ADP	IN	_	29	case	_	_
28	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	27	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	ful	ful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	25	parataxis	_	_
30	in	in	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
31	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	32	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	hopeful	hopeful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	29	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	29	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	36	punct	_	_
35	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	36	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
36	ness	ness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	obl	_	_
37	in	in	ADP	IN	_	39	case	_	_
38	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	39	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
39	kindness	kindness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	36	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
40	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	39	punct	_	_
41	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	43	cc	_	_
42	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	41	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
43	ed	ed	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	39	conj	_	_
44	in	in	SCONJ	IN	_	46	mark	_	_
45	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	46	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
46	jumped	jump	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	43	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
47	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	46	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
48	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a suffix | a group |  |  |  | of letters | tree rules |
| 2 | **add** *speech: assert* | participle |  | letters *not said here* |  |  | to the end of a word |  | vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V ADVP-Middle PP»: agent=Patient to end=Co-Patient |
| 3 | **make** | to-infinitive |  | a new word |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset word=Product |
| 4 | **change** | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 5 | **use** | present · passive |  | suffix |  |  |  | ness in kindness or ed *obl* | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient |
| 6 | **jump** *in a quote* | past | ed *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In maths and computing, a suffix can be letters or a number added to the end of a name or code.

<!-- fold The tree, 21 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:suffix:m2:1
# text = In maths and computing, a suffix can be letters or a number added to the end of a name or code.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	maths	math	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obl	_	_
3	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
4	computing	computing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	suffix	suffix	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
8	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	10	aux	_	_
9	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	10	cop	_	_
10	letters	letter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
11	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	number	number	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	_
14	added	add	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	13	acl	_	_
15	to	to	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	end	end	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	_
18	of	of	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	name	name	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nmod	_	_
21	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
22	code	code	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | can | a suffix | letters or a number |  | maths and computing |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **add** *speech: assert* | participle |  | a number *not said here* |  |  | to the end of a name or code |  | vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V ADVP-Middle PP»: agent=Patient to end=Co-Patient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Add the suffix -ful to «help» to make «helpful».

<!-- fold The tree, 9 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:suffix:x1:1
# text = Add the suffix -ful to «help» to make «helpful».
1	Add	add	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
3	suffix	suffix	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
4	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	ful	ful	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
7	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	help	help	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	8	punct	_	_
10	to	to	PART	TO	_	11	mark	_	_
11	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	xcomp	_	_
12	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	helpful	helpful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **add** *speech: assert* | imperative | you *not said here* | the suffix ful |  |  |  |  | vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ful=Patient |
| 2 | **help** *in a quote* | to-infinitive | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 3 | **make** | to-infinitive | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  | helpful *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«-ly» is a suffix that turns «quick» into «quickly».

<!-- fold The tree, 9 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:suffix:x2:1
# text = «-ly» is a suffix that turns «quick» into «quickly».
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	ly	ly	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	suffix	suffix	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	9	nsubj	_	_
9	turns	turn	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	acl:relcl	_	_
10	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	quick	quick	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	11	punct	_	_
13	into	into	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	quickly	quickly	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | ly | a suffix |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **turn** | present | a suffix |  |  |  |  | quick, quickly *property* | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The suffix -less means «without», as in «homeless».

<!-- fold The tree, 8 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:suffix:x3:1
# text = The suffix -less means «without», as in «homeless».
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	suffix	suffix	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	less	less	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	2	nmod	_	_
5	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	without	without	ADP	IN	_	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
10	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	13	mark	_	_
11	in	in	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	homeless	homeless	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | the suffix  less |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Underline the suffix in «enjoyment».

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:suffix:x4:1
# text = Underline the suffix in «enjoyment».
1	Underline	underline	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	suffix	suffix	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	enjoyment	enjoyment	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **underline** | imperative | you *not said here* | the suffix |  | enjoyment |  |  | vn scribble-25.2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent suffix=Theme in enjoyment=Destination |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Adding -ing to «swim» doubles the m.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:suffix:x5:1
# text = Adding -ing to «swim» doubles the m.
1	Adding	add	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	8	csubj	_	_
2	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	ing	ing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
5	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	swim	swim	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	_
8	doubles	double	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	m.	m.	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **add** *speech: assert* | gerund |  | ing |  |  |  |  | vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ing=Patient |
| 2 | **swim** *in a quote* | to-infinitive |  | ing *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **double** | present | Adding | the m. |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent m.=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The suffix -er can mean «a person who does it», as in «teacher».

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:suffix:x6:1
# text = The suffix -er can mean «a person who does it», as in «teacher».
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
2	suffix	suffix	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
3	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	er	er	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
5	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
6	mean	mean	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
7	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
10	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	11	nsubj	_	_
11	does	do	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	acl:relcl	_	_
12	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
15	as	as	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
16	in	in	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	18	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	teacher	teacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	18	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | can | the suffix er | a person |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **do** *in a quote* | present | a person | person |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Eventuality |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
When you add the suffix -ness to «happy», y changes to i.

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:suffix:x7:1
# text = When you add the suffix -ness to «happy», y changes to i.
1	When	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	3	mark	_	_
2	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	add	add	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	advcl	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
5	suffix	suffix	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
6	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	ness	ness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
8	to	to	PART	TO	_	3	xcomp	_	_
9	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	happy	happy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
13	y	y	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	14	nsubj	_	_
14	changes	change	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
15	to	to	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	i.	i.	X	FW	Foreign=Yes	14	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **add** *speech: assert* | present | you | the suffix ness |  |  |  |  | vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ness=Patient |
| 2 | **change** | present | y | i. |  |  |  |  | vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent i.=Patient |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Some words have two suffixes, like «care-ful-ly».

<!-- fold The tree, 9 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:suffix:x8:1
# text = Some words have two suffixes, like «care-ful-ly».
1	Some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	2	det	_	_
2	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	5	nummod	_	_
5	suffixes	suffix	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
7	like	like	SCONJ	IN	_	13	mark	_	_
8	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	care	care	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	ful	ful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	ly	ly	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | some words | two suffixes |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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