---
title: suffixation — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «suffixation» in the school dictionary: Suffixation is making a new word or a new form of a word by adding a suffix (a word ending) such as -ness, -ful, -ly, -ed or -s to the end of it. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# suffixation

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Suffixation, spelling list, Our, We, Prefixation · **What happens:** make, add, form, turn, teach, be · **To what, where:** new word, suffix, word, Careless, verb, noun · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«suffixation» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [suffixation in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/suffixation.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: grammar — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Suffixation is making a new word or a new form of a word by adding a suffix (a word ending) such as -ness, -ful, -ly, -ed or -s to the end of it.

<!-- fold The tree, 33 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:suffixation:m1:1
# text = Suffixation is making a new word or a new form of a word by adding a suffix (a word ending) such as -ness, -ful, -ly, -ed or -s to the end of it.
1	Suffixation	suffixation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	making	make	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	form	form	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	_
14	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	15	mark	_	_
15	adding	add	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	advcl	_	_
16	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	suffix	suffix	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obj	_	_
18	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	21	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
20	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	compound	_	_
21	ending	ending	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	21	punct	_	_
23	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	26	case	_	_
24	as	as	ADP	IN	_	23	fixed	_	_
25	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	24	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	ness	ness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	29	punct	_	_
28	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	29	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	ful	ful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	26	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	32	punct	_	_
31	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	32	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	ly	ly	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	29	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	35	punct	_	_
34	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	35	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
35	ed	ed	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	29	conj	_	_
36	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	37	cc	_	_
37	-s	-s	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	35	conj	_	_
38	to	to	ADP	IN	_	40	case	_	_
39	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	40	det	_	_
40	end	end	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	35	nmod	_	_
41	of	of	ADP	IN	_	42	case	_	_
42	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	40	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
43	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | present · progressive | Suffixation | a new word or a new form of a word |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset word=Product |
| 2 | **add** *speech: assert* | gerund | Suffixation *not said here* | a suffix |  |  |  |  | vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent suffix=Patient |
| 3 | **form** |  |  | a word |  |  |  |  | nom form «communication transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Suffixation turns «teach» into «teacher».

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:suffixation:x1:1
# text = Suffixation turns «teach» into «teacher».
1	Suffixation	suffixation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	turns	turn	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	teach	teach	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	_
6	into	into	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	teacher	teacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **turn** | present | Suffixation |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **teach** *speech: other* *in a quote* | infinitive | Suffixation *not said here* |  |  |  |  | into teacher | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«Careless» is made by suffixation: care + less.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:suffixation:x2:1
# text = «Careless» is made by suffixation: care + less.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Careless	careless	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	nsubj:pass	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	by	by	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	suffixation	suffixation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	9	punct	_	_
9	care	care	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	appos	_	_
10	+	+	SYM	SYM	_	11	cc	_	_
11	less	less	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | present · passive | suffixation | Careless |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset subject=Product |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Our spelling list is all about suffixation with -ly.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:suffixation:x3:1
# text = Our spelling list is all about suffixation with -ly.
1	Our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
2	spelling	spelling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	list	list	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
5	all	all	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
6	about	about	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	suffixation	suffixation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	with	with	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	ly	ly	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Our spelling list |  |  |  |  | about suffixation; with ly; all *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **list** |  | Our |  |  |  |  |  | nom list «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Suffixation can change a verb into a noun, like «move» to «movement».

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:suffixation:x4:1
# text = Suffixation can change a verb into a noun, like «move» to «movement».
1	Suffixation	suffixation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	change	change	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	verb	verb	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	into	into	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	noun	noun	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
10	like	like	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	move	move	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	3	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	12	punct	_	_
14	to	to	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	16	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	movement	movement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **change** | can | Suffixation | a verb |  | a noun |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **move** *in a quote* | infinitive |  |  |  | movement |  |  | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V PP.trajectory»: agent=Theme to movement=Trajectory |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We learned that suffixation sometimes needs a spelling change, like «happy» to «happiness».

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:suffixation:x5:1
# text = We learned that suffixation sometimes needs a spelling change, like «happy» to «happiness».
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	learned	learn	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
4	suffixation	suffixation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
5	sometimes	sometimes	ADV	RB	PronType=Ind	6	advmod	_	_
6	needs	need	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	ccomp	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	spelling	spelling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	change	change	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
11	like	like	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	happy	happy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	13	punct	_	_
15	to	to	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	happiness	happiness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **learn** | past | We |  |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **need** | present | suffixation | a spelling change |  |  |  | sometimes *property* | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot change=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Prefixation adds to the front; suffixation adds to the end.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:suffixation:x6:1
# text = Prefixation adds to the front; suffixation adds to the end.
1	Prefixation	prefixation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	adds	add	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	to	to	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	front	front	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
7	suffixation	suffixation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
8	adds	add	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
9	to	to	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	end	end	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **add** *speech: assert* | present | Prefixation |  |  |  |  | to the front | vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V ADVP-Middle PP»: agent=Patient to front=Co-Patient |
| 2 | **add** *speech: assert* | present | suffixation |  |  |  | to the end |  | vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V ADVP-Middle PP»: agent=Patient to end=Co-Patient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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